{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:00:05Z","timestamp":1791644405589,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006472","name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["326475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["326475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["326475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["326475"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03hd30t45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiotherapy is a cornerstone of breast cancer treatment, but its efficacy is frequently limited by intrinsic and acquired radioresistance as well as dose-limiting toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. Nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic index of irradiation by combining physical dose amplification with biological, microenvironmental, and immunological modulation. In this systematic review, we evaluated preclinical evidence on nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization in breast cancer, with emphasis on nanoplatform design, mechanistic patterns, therapeutic efficacy, and translational relevance. A total of 66 studies published between 2015 and 2026 were included. The identified systems encompassed a broad range of materials, including gold-, silver-, platinum-, bismuth-, gadolinium-, polymer-, lipid-, and hybrid-based nanoplatforms, frequently incorporating targeting ligands, catalytic components, biomimetic coatings, or therapeutic payloads. Enhanced radiation responses were most commonly associated with high-atomic-number (high-Z)-mediated energy deposition, increased reactive oxygen species generation, and enhanced DNA damage persistence. Additional mechanisms, including redox modulation, hypoxia targeting, regulated cell death, and immune activation, reflect the evolution of nanoparticle-assisted radiotherapy from predominantly physical radioenhancement toward multifunctional physicobiological strategies. Triple-negative breast cancer models predominated throughout the literature. Across preclinical models, nanoparticle-assisted irradiation consistently improved clonogenic survival, tumor control, and, in selected studies, survival. However, substantial heterogeneity in study design and limited use of rigorous radiobiological endpoints restricted cross-study comparability. The available preclinical evidence indicates that the most promising nanoparticle-mediated radiosensitization strategies integrate physical dose enhancement with biologically active mechanisms targeting oxidative stress, hypoxia, persistent DNA damage, immune signaling, and tumor microenvironmental resistance. Collectively, these findings suggest that the field is evolving from predominantly physical radioenhancement toward multifunctional, mechanism-driven physicobiological strategies. However, clinical translation remains constrained by methodological heterogeneity and limited radiobiological validation, highlighting the need for standardized preclinical evaluation and clinically feasible nanoplatforms tailored to subtype-specific mechanisms of radioresistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27146522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:01:28Z","timestamp":1784768488000},"page":"6522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence and Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorinel","family":"Lunca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"2nd Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7767-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Morarasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"2nd Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Mihail","family":"Dimofte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"2nd Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2024: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2021.103566","article-title":"Radiotherapy and radiosensitization in breast cancer: Molecular targets and clinical applications","volume":"169","author":"Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2023.03.002","article-title":"Advances in Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mageau, E., Derbowka, R., Dickinson, N., Lefort, N., Kovala, A.T., Boreham, D.R., Tai, T.C., Thome, C., and Tharmalingam, S. (2025). Molecular Mechanisms of Radiation Resistance in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Radiosensitization Strategies. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47080589"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.102939","article-title":"Enhancing radiotherapy techniques for Triple-Negative breast cancer treatment","volume":"136","author":"Sarlak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.120","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of radiotherapy for treating cancer","volume":"12","author":"Schaue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16174","article-title":"Radiosensitizing effect of a novel CTSS inhibitor by enhancing BRCA1 protein stability in triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"115","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042420-093238","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9407","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S272902","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizers in Cancer Radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, N., Cecchi, D., Beckham, W., and Chithrani, D.B. (2024). Application of High-Z Nanoparticles to Enhance Current Radiotherapy Treatment. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112438"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.10.002","article-title":"The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo","volume":"65","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.108","article-title":"Cancer nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.12.012","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles for applications in cancer radiotherapy: Mechanisms and recent advancements","volume":"109","author":"Her","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120828","article-title":"Enhanced radiotherapy efficacy of breast cancer multi cellular tumor spheroids through in-situ fabricated chitosan-zinc oxide bio-nanocomposites as radio-sensitizing agents","volume":"605","author":"Zabihi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01654-9","article-title":"AGuIX nanoparticles enhance ionizing radiation-induced ferroptosis on tumor cells by targeting the NRF2-GPX4 signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2023.101997","article-title":"Ultra-small radiosensitizers deliver epigenetic drugs to induce pyroptosis and boost triple-negative breast cancer radiotherapy","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02502-8","article-title":"Radiotherapy-sensitized cancer immunotherapy via cGAS-STING immune pathway by activatable nanocascade reaction","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2309279","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202309279","article-title":"Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Dual-Targeted Clearance of Activated and Senescent Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Improve Radiation Resistance in Breast Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Jian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117402","article-title":"Glucose oxidase and MnO2 functionalized liposome for catalytic radiosensitization enhanced synergistic breast cancer therapy","volume":"179","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19056","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR05385J","article-title":"CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) targeted gold nanoparticles potently enhance radiotherapy outcomes in breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.10.049","article-title":"Oxygen self-supplying nanoradiosensitizer activates cGAS-STING pathway to enhance radioimmunotherapy of triple negative breast cancer","volume":"376","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03187-3","article-title":"Bacterial membrane-modified cerium oxide nanoboosters enhance systemic antitumor effects of radiotherapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.124034","article-title":"An organolutetium nanosensitizer synergizes with PARP inhibition to unleash STING-mediated immunity for low-dose radioimmunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105487","article-title":"Trastuzumab and folic acid functionalized gold nanoclusters as a dual-targeted radiosensitizer for megavoltage radiation therapy of human breast cancer","volume":"153","author":"Samani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502416","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202502416","article-title":"Antitumoral Efficacy of AuNRs-Laden ECFCs In Vitro and In Vivo: Decoding the Heat and Rays Combo Treatment in Breast Cancer and Melanoma Cells","volume":"14","author":"Anceschi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2309992","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309992","article-title":"Rare Earth Nanoprobes for Targeted Delineation of Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Enhancement of Radioimmunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Ming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14578.1","article-title":"Significant Radiation Enhancement Effects by Gold Nanoparticles in Combination with Cisplatin in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells and Tumor Xenografts","volume":"187","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.11.019","article-title":"Unraveling the cell-type dependent radiosensitizing effects of gold through the development of a multifunctional gold nanoparticle","volume":"14","author":"Nicol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.34172\/bi.2022.23682","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of actively HER-2 Targeted Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles for molecular radiosensitization of breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioimpacts"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3937","article-title":"Differential cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of silver nanoparticles on triple-negative breast cancer and non-triple-negative breast cells","volume":"10","author":"Swanner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35662-8","article-title":"Radiosensitizing effects of silver nanoparticles targeting angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase signaling in triple negative breast cancer cell lines","volume":"16","author":"Montazersaheb","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2022.101708","article-title":"Mixed-valence Pt(0)\/Pt2+ nanoassemblies as high-Z radiosensitizers and metallo-immune regulators for potent radiotherapy of breast cancer","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123273","article-title":"Preparation of alginate coated Pt nanoparticle for radiosensitization of breast cancer tumor","volume":"233","author":"Rashidzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.10.048","article-title":"Tumor targeted, stealthy and degradable bismuth nanoparticles for enhanced X-ray radiation therapy of breast cancer","volume":"154","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-025-00359-6","article-title":"Synergistic radiosensitization of breast cancer using bismuth oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan and \u03b2-cyclodextrin loaded with curcumin and 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"17","author":"Dastgir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7713","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S428044","article-title":"Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles Reinforce the Fractionated Radiotherapy-Induced Immune Response in Tri-Negative Breast Cancer via cGAS-STING Pathway","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00965","article-title":"Enhanced In Vivo Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer Using Gadolinium Oxide and Gold Hybrid Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Nosrati","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Stangl, S., Hernandez-Schnelzer, A., Wang, F., Hasanzadeh Kafshgari, M., Bashiri Dezfouli, A., and Multhoff, G. (2023). Functionalized Hybrid Iron Oxide-Gold Nanoparticles Targeting Membrane Hsp70 Radiosensitize Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by ROS-Mediated Apoptosis. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041167"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2302141","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302141","article-title":"Multifunctional Au@AgBiS2 Nanoparticles as High-Efficiency Radiosensitizers to Induce Pyroptosis for Cancer Radioimmunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70054","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.70054","article-title":"Dual-Targeted Pt@Ce-MOF Nanoplatform Enhances Radiotherapy Efficacy via Tumor-Specific Delivery and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Breast Cancer","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114374","article-title":"Gadolinium ion-loaded mesoporous organosilica nanoplatform for enhanced radiotherapy in breast tumor treatment","volume":"246","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47553-2","article-title":"Radiosensitizing effect of curcumin-loaded lipid nanoparticles in breast cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Minafra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120229","article-title":"New combination treatment from ROS-Induced sensitized radiotherapy with nanophototherapeutics to fully eradicate orthotopic breast cancer and inhibit metastasis","volume":"257","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S441418","article-title":"Nanofabrications of Erythrocyte Membrane-Coated Telmisartan Delivery System Effective for Radiosensitivity of Tumor Cells in Mice Model","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123787","article-title":"A TNBC-targeting nano-radiosensitizer reverses radioresistance by synergizing GSH scavenging with dual inhibition of Trop2 and lncRNA MNX1-AS1","volume":"327","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-019-0046-z","article-title":"Use of a lipid nanoparticle system as a Trojan horse in delivery of gold nanoparticles to human breast cancer cells for improved outcomes in radiation therapy","volume":"10","author":"Bromma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114406","article-title":"Sunitinib lipid nanoparticles remodel tumor vasculature to synergize with two-stage radiotherapy for enhanced radiosensitivity in breast Cancer","volume":"389","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104586","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy of tumor-specific nanoliposomal radiosensitizer in radiotherapy","volume":"86","author":"Karabuga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askar, M.A., Thabet, N.M., El-Sayyad, G.S., El-Batal, A.I., Abd Elkodous, M., El Shawi, O.E., Helal, H., and Abdel-Rafei, M.K. (2021). Dual Hyaluronic Acid and Folic Acid Targeting pH-Sensitive Multifunctional 2DG@DCA@MgO-Nano-Core-Shell-Radiosensitizer for Breast Cancer Therapy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-910507\/v1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MD00792E","article-title":"Novel Pt@BSA nanoparticles improve radiotherapeutic outcomes in breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, H., Hayama, K., Sasagawa, I., Okada, Y., Kawase, T., Tsubokawa, N., and Tsuchimochi, M. (2018). HER2-targeted multifunctional silica nanoparticles specifically enhance the radiosensitivity of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030908"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101206","article-title":"Targeting DNA damage repair mechanism by using RAD50-silencing siRNA nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"28","author":"Zetrini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-3475","article-title":"Hybrid Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Potentiate Radiation Therapy by Modulating Tumor Hypoxia","volume":"76","author":"Abbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.213090","article-title":"Magnetite and bismuth sulfide Janus heterostructures as radiosensitizers for in vivo enhanced radiotherapy in breast cancer","volume":"140","author":"Nosrati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40763-9","article-title":"Facile preparation of silver based radiosensitizers via biomineralization method for enhanced in vivo breast cancer radiotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Ghaffarlou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101275","article-title":"Cancer cell membrane-coated siRNA-Decorated Au\/MnO2 nanosensitizers for synergistically enhanced radio-immunotherapy of breast cancer","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musielak, M., Bos-Liedke, A., Piwocka, O., Kowalska, K., Markiewicz, R., Szymkowiak, B., Bakun, P., and Suchorska, W.M. (2023). The Role of Functionalization and Size of Gold Nanoparticles in the Response of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation Comparing 2D and 3D In Vitro Models. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030862"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02560-4","article-title":"Barium nanoparticles enhance efficacy of external beam radiation therapy in a preclinical basal-like mammary cancer mouse model","volume":"15","author":"Albers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114220","article-title":"Metformin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles augment silver nanoparticle-induced radiosensitization in breast cancer cells during radiation therapy","volume":"245","author":"Shiridokht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, M.A., Hamdy, A.M., Abdelrhman, I.G., Auf, M.A., Saifeldeen, E.R., Elashmony, S.M., Abuelkasem, S.S., and Metwaly, A.M. (2025). Grafting of Resveratrol-Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Promising Radiosensitizer and Protector in DMBA-Induced Breast Cancer in Mice. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets.","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680096364549250828062651"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00186H","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-mediated ultrasmall gold nanoclusters and hNIS gene synergize radiotherapy for breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17401","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c01435","article-title":"Potassium Iodide Nanoparticles Enhance Radiotherapy against Breast Cancer by Exploiting the Sodium-Iodide Symporter","volume":"15","author":"Cline","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2017.2367","article-title":"Hollow gold nanoparticles as efficient in vivo radiosensitizing agents for radiation therapy of breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Mulgaonkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0180","article-title":"AS1411 aptamer-targeted gold nanoclusters effect on the enhancement of radiation therapy efficacy in breast tumor-bearing mice","volume":"13","author":"Ghahremani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.01.037","article-title":"Investigation of different targeting decorations effect on the radiosensitizing efficacy of albumin-stabilized gold nanoparticles for breast cancer radiation therapy","volume":"130","author":"Kefayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.06.069","article-title":"Anti-MUC1-C Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles Potentiate the Efficacy of Fractionated Radiation Therapy","volume":"108","author":"Detappe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13805","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB00789E","article-title":"A multifunctional curcumin-Fe3O4@ZIF-8 nanoformulation as a T2 MRI contrast agent and pH-responsive theranostic platform for targeted ROS generation, radiosensitization, and triple-negative breast cancer treatment","volume":"13","author":"Rahmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124002","article-title":"Transforming lipid nanoparticles into radio-activatable therapeutics through synergistic ferroptosis for enhanced cancer radiotherapy","volume":"330","author":"Shin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9262453","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9262453","article-title":"Curcumin Administered in Combination with Glu-GNPs Induces Radiosensitivity in Transplanted Tumor MDA-MB-231-luc Cells in Nude Mice","volume":"2021","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.115397","article-title":"Enhancing radiosensitization in triple-negative breast cancer by aptamer-modified nanoclusters NC-T5-5TR1","volume":"260","author":"Kan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1995080","article-title":"Redox-sensitive iodinated polymersomes carrying histone deacetylase inhibitor as a dual-functional nano-radiosensitizer for enhanced radiotherapy of breast cancer","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124285","article-title":"Zinc nanoparticles coated with doxorubicin-conjugated alginate as a radiation sensitizer in triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"659","author":"Asadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123636","article-title":"Silver sulfide coated alginate radioenhancer for enhanced X-ray radiation therapy of breast cancer","volume":"234","author":"Mousazadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400764","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202400764","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles Cause Radiosensitization in 4T1 Cells by Inhibiting DNA Double Strand Break Repair: Single Cell Comparisons of DSB Formation and \u03b3H2AX Expression","volume":"26","author":"Atkinson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemphyschem"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-022-00122-1","article-title":"Multifunctional nanocomposites DDMplusAF inhibit the proliferation and enhance the radiotherapy of breast cancer cells via modulating tumor-promoting factors and metabolic reprogramming","volume":"13","author":"Thabet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2025.102870","article-title":"Dual metabolic targeting liposomes potentiate triple-negative breast cancer radiosensitivity via glucose and glutathione starvation","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2407833","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407833","article-title":"Concurrent Amplification of Ferroptosis and Immune System Activation Via Nanomedicine-Mediated Radiosensitization for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Aishajiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2402474","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402474","article-title":"Glutathione-Depleted Photodynamic Nanoadjuvant for Triggering Nonferrous Ferroptosis to Amplify Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01751-3","article-title":"Radiosensitization of breast cancer cells using AS1411 aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Mehrnia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB02561E","article-title":"Iron oxide and gold bimetallic radiosensitizers for synchronous tumor chemoradiation therapy in 4T1 breast cancer murine model","volume":"9","author":"Nosrati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S104034","article-title":"RGD-conjugated mesoporous silica-encapsulated gold nanorods enhance the sensitization of triple-negative breast cancer to megavoltage radiation therapy","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7805","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S269214","article-title":"Synergetic Influence of Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles, Cisplatin and Baicalein-Rich Fraction on Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Radiosensitization Effects for Clinical Radiotherapy Beams","volume":"15","author":"Abdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c17024","article-title":"Implantable, 3D-Printed Alginate Scaffolds with Bismuth Sulfide Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Local Breast Cancer via Enhanced Radiotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Colak","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S287523","article-title":"Au-Pt Nanoparticle Formulation as a Radiosensitizer for Radiotherapy with Dual Effects","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00094F","article-title":"Research progress on nano-sensitizers for enhancing the effects of radiotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-024-02301-y","article-title":"State-of-the-art application of nanoparticles in radiotherapy: A platform for synergistic effects in cancer treatment","volume":"201","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Strahlenther. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_221_24","article-title":"In vitro Investigation of Radiotherapy along with Gemcitabine Loaded PEG Gold Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"14","author":"Salarvand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aae272","article-title":"A gold nanoparticle system for the enhancement of radiotherapy and simultaneous monitoring of reactive-oxygen-species formation","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15348","article-title":"Breast radiotherapy with kilovoltage photons and gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizer: An in vitro study","volume":"49","author":"Tudda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502898","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202502898","article-title":"Organic AIE Nanoradiosensitizer Potentiates X-Ray Triggered Continuous Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Potent Cancer Radioimmunotherapy","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03013-2","article-title":"Multifunctional nanocomposites utilizing ruthenium (II) complex\/manganese (IV) dioxide nanoparticle for synergistic reinforcing radioimmunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0400-z","article-title":"Engineering nanomedicines through boosting immunogenic cell death for improved cancer immunotherapy","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annagiri, S., Harary, P.M., Hori, Y.S., Lam, F.C., AbuReesh, D., Tayag, A., Ustrzynski, L., Emrich, S.C., Chang, S.D., and Park, D.J. (2025). Radiosensitizers in Cancer Therapy: A Global Bibliometric Analysis. bioRxiv, 2025.06.26.661878.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.26.661878"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33149","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c12140","article-title":"Nanoscale Mixed-Ligand Metal-Organic Framework for X-ray Stimulated Cancer Therapy","volume":"146","author":"Zhen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04086-6","article-title":"Enhanced drug delivery with nanocarriers: A comprehensive review of recent advances in breast cancer detection and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Dhiman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"100419","article-title":"Advancing cancer radiotherapy: Harnessing radiosensitizers and nanotechnology for enhanced tumor control","volume":"10","author":"Shiridokht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"100268","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based drug delivery for breast cancer treatment: Current applications and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Samad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200194","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202200194","article-title":"Nanomaterials Based on Functional Polymers for Sensitizing Cancer Radiotherapy","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NH00042K","article-title":"Biocompatible cellulose nanocrystal-based Trojan horse enables targeted delivery of nano-Au radiosensitizers to triple negative breast cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Biagiotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102186","article-title":"Hybrid biomaterials-based radiosensitizers: Preparations and their applications in enhancing tumor radiotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121811","article-title":"Enhancing anti-tumor effect of ultrasensitive bimetallic RuCu nanoparticles as radiosensitizers with dual enzyme-like activities","volume":"290","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-025-04186-x","article-title":"Revolutionizing radiotherapy: Gold nanoparticles with polyphenol coating as novel enhancers in breast cancer cells-an in vitro study","volume":"20","author":"Tarantino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Shen, H., and Mi, Z. (2024). Enhancing Proton Therapy Efficacy Through Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221841"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05761-8","article-title":"Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with platinum nanoparticles to sense breast cancer cells in 4T1 model to X-ray radiation","volume":"190","author":"Aghaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hullo, M., Grall, R., Perrot, Y., Math\u00e9, C., M\u00e9nard, V., Yang, X., Lacombe, S., Porcel, E., Villagrasa, C., and Chevillard, S. (2021). Radiation Enhancer Effect of Platinum Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer Cell Lines: In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094436"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubanako, P., Mirza, S., Ruff, P., and Penny, C. (2024). Exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA molecules in cancer therapy: Triumphs and challenges. Front. Mol. Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1447953"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02634-x","article-title":"Exosome for mRNA delivery: Strategies and therapeutic applications","volume":"22","author":"Iqbal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-026-04681-9","article-title":"Exosome-loaded nanoradiosensitizers in radiotherapy for preventing post-irradiation tumor recurrence: Mechanisms, preclinical evidence, and translational challenges","volume":"21","author":"Uti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14949","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR03065B","article-title":"A tumor cell exosome-mimicking multifunctional nanozyme for targeted breast cancer radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4048\/jbc.2024.0262","article-title":"Utilizing miR-34a-Loaded HER2-Targeting Exosomes to Improve Breast Cancer Treatment: Insights From an Animal Model","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, P., Gong, J., Xu, Y., and Xia, X. (2026). siRNA Nanoparticle Delivery Strategies and Clinical Trial Advances in Tumor Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073032"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1297","article-title":"First-in-Human Study Testing a New Radioenhancer Using Nanoparticles (NBTXR3) Activated by Radiation Therapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcomas","volume":"23","author":"Bonvalot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03579-1","article-title":"The radioenhancer NBTXR3: Bridging physics and biology to improve radiotherapy outcomes and prime anti-tumor immunity","volume":"44","author":"Bienassis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10256","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10256","article-title":"Radiation nanosensitizers in cancer therapy-From preclinical discoveries to the outcomes of early clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"Bilynsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2020.e00548","article-title":"Review of clinical applications of radiation-enhancing nanoparticles","volume":"28","author":"Scher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.04.021","article-title":"Theranostic AGuIX nanoparticles as radiosensitizer: A phase I, dose-escalation study in patients with multiple brain metastases (NANO-RAD trial)","volume":"160","author":"Verry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thivat, E., Casile, M., Moreau, J., Molnar, I., Dufort, S., Seddik, K., Le Duc, G., De Beaumont, O., Loeffler, M., and Durando, X. (2023). Phase I\/II study testing the combination of AGuIX nanoparticles with radiochemotherapy and concomitant temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (NANO-GBM trial protocol). BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10829-y"},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2026, June 25). A Phase II Study of High Dose Radiotherapy in Combination with Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy in Patients with PD-L1 Positive Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer (NCT06492759), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/14\/6522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:16:29Z","timestamp":1784866589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/14\/6522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27146522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27146522","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}