{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:34:25Z","timestamp":1786354465447,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["04943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["04943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04943"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["41734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41734"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000az4664","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ontario Research Fund (ORF) Research Infrastructure (RI) Small Infrastructure Fund"},{"name":"NSERC graduate scholarship"},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are typically produced in a 3:1:1 ratio, respectively, via microbial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, and to a lesser degree, from undigested protein. The effects of individual SCFAs on adipocyte function have been described; however, the effects of SCFAs in combination on adipocyte function remain unknown. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with a 1 mM total dose of acetate, propionate, and butyrate combined in a 3:1:1 ratio, respectively, for 24 h \u00b1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 ng\/mL) under both normoxic and hypoxic (via the addition of 100 \u00b5M cobalt chloride) environmental conditions. In both normoxic and hypoxic LPS-stimulated conditions, SCFAs increased the secretion of adiponectin and reduced the secretion of resistin, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1\/C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, and RANTES\/CCL5, in addition to reducing intracellular protein levels of activated (i.e., the ratio of phosphorylated-to-total) nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF\u03baB) p65 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, SCFA treatment reduced leptin secretion only in LPS-stimulated normoxic environmental conditions compared to control (p &lt; 0.05). In normoxic conditions, SCFA + LPS increased mRNA expression of genes involved in fat storage), fatty acid recycling, and lipolysis, whereas in hypoxic conditions, SCFA + LPS decreased mRNA expression of genes involved in fat storage and triglyceride synthesis (p &lt; 0.05), indicating different effects of SCFAs on adipocyte metabolic function depending on hypoxia status. Collectively, combined SCFAs in a 3:1:1 ratio beneficially modify the adipocyte adipokine secretory profile under both normoxic and hypoxic environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"6583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Short-Chain Fatty Acids Induce an Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Chemotactic Secretory Profile from 3T3-L1 Adipocytes in Normoxic and Hypoxic Environmental Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ala","family":"Alzubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah X.","family":"Glowacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9733-2516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara E.","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101","article-title":"Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"126","author":"Tchernof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. 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