{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:05:18Z","timestamp":1785405918431,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PAPIIT-UNAM","award":["IN226126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN226126"]}]},{"name":"PAIP-UNAM","award":["5000-9047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5000-9047"]}]},{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["607665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["607665"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addresses the development of nickel(II) complexes with potential antiproliferative activity. Two novel hydrogenated Schiff base ligands (N2O2-type), L1 and L2, were synthesized using environmentally friendly routes within a green chemistry framework and fully characterized. These ligands were coordinated to Ni(II) to obtain mixed octahedral complexes of general formulae [Ni(N2O2)(NO3)2] and [Ni(N2O2)(O\u2013O)]NO3, where O\u2013O denotes \u03b2-diketones (acetylacetonate and fluorinated analogs). Structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterization, including cyclic voltammetry, was performed to evaluate the effect of ligand substitution on redox properties. Antiproliferative activity was assessed in HeLa cells. The results show that all complexes exhibit octahedral geometry, while [Ni(N2O2)(O\u2013O)]NO3 complexes behave as 1:1 electrolytes, with redox potentials influenced by electron-withdrawing fluorinated substituents on the secondary ligand. Complexes containing fluorinated diketones and the methoxy-substituted L1 ligand displayed enhanced antiproliferative effects compared to non-fluorinated and unsubstituted analogues. Mechanistic studies suggest apoptosis induction associated with early caspase-3 activation, likely mediated by reactive oxygen species. Overall, ligand electronic effects play a key role in modulating redox behavior and biological activity in these nickel(II) complexes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"6601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ni(II) Complexes with Mixed Ligands, Reduced N2O2 Schiff Bases and \u03b2-Diketones: Redox Modulation, ROS Generation and Antiproliferative Activity in Cancer Cells Associated with Caspase-3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Erika Lorena","family":"Cedillo-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior s\/n, CU, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Espinoza-Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior s\/n, CU, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Felipe","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior s\/n, CU, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Reveles-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomedicina Interdisciplinaria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Biociencias Aplicadas a la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro C.P. 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2996-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Flores-\u00c1lamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edificio H Mario Molina, Circuito Mario de la Cueva, Esquina Circuito de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, CU, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Antonio","family":"Ortiz-Frade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en Electroqu\u00edmica (CIDETEQ), Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico Qu\u00e9retaro s\/n, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo C.P. 76703, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3210-4213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mej\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomedicina Interdisciplinaria, Centro Interdisciplinario de Biociencias Aplicadas a la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro C.P. 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Ruiz-Azuara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior s\/n, CU, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kaim, W., Schwederski, B., and Klein, A. (2013). Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life: An Introduction and Guide, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150504","article-title":"Metal-based therapeutics","volume":"318","author":"Hambley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710793213751","article-title":"Copper compounds in cancer chemotherapy","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2137-1","article-title":"Effect of Vanadyl Rosiglitazone, a New Insulin-Mimetic Vanadium Complex, on Glucose Homeostasis of Diabetic Mice","volume":"180","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2012.05.028","article-title":"Perspectives on ruthenium-based compounds as antiparasitic agents","volume":"393","author":"Gambino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.12.003","article-title":"Gold complexes as potential antiparasitic agents","volume":"253","author":"Navarro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112084","article-title":"Identification of descriptors for structure\u2013activity relationships in ruthenium(II) mixed compounds","volume":"189","author":"Reina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"111043","article-title":"Heteroleptic Ni(II) complexes: Synthesis and biological evaluation","volume":"206","author":"Reina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400460s","article-title":"Metallodrugs in medicinal inorganic chemistry","volume":"114","author":"Mjos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5106","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc41143e","article-title":"Exploration of metal-based drugs","volume":"49","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11243-010-9451-1","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and biological activity studies of octahedral nickel(II) complexes","volume":"36","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transit. Met. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2008.10.006","article-title":"Antiproliferative activity and QSAR study of copper(II) complexes","volume":"103","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"12","article-title":"Is nickel an essential element for life?","volume":"1","year":"1990","journal-title":"Educ. Quim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8038","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0496081","article-title":"Nickel superoxide dismutase structure and mechanism","volume":"43","author":"Barondeau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.18811\/ijpen.v5i04.2","article-title":"Nickel in environment and plant nutrition: A mini review","volume":"5","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2025.122792","article-title":"Nickel(II) metallates induced intrinsic apoptotic pathway-mediated cell death in lung and breast cancer cells","volume":"586","author":"Shanmugapriya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-021-00984-z","article-title":"In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Novel Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Niflumic Acid Against Human Breast Adenocarcinoma MCF-7 Cells","volume":"79","author":"Caglar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02762-w","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity of Nickel(II) Tetraazamacrocyclic Diperchlorate Complex, [(Ni-Me8[14]Diene)(ClO4)2], against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) and MCF7 Cells","volume":"42","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2008.08.011","article-title":"The interaction of native calf thymus DNA with FeIII-dipyrido [3,2-a:2\u2032,3\u2032-c]phenazine","volume":"103","author":"Terenzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2018.03.007","article-title":"Schiff Bases and Their Metal Complexes as Urease Inhibitors\u2014A Brief Review","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1515\/revic-2024-0075","article-title":"Biological Activities of Metal Complexes with Schiff Base","volume":"45","author":"Hamad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101941","article-title":"Schiff Bases and Their Possible Therapeutic Applications: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Nidhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701826","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/701826","article-title":"Efficient Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel Nitro-Schiff Bases and Their Complexes of Nickel(II) and Copper(II)","volume":"2013","author":"Naeimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2006.04.013","article-title":"Hydrogenated Schiff base ligands and metal assemblies","volume":"9","author":"Reglinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"112097","article-title":"Biological activity of mixed chelate copper(II) complexes","volume":"242","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3663","article-title":"Anticancer Activity of Metal Complexes: Involvement of Redox Processes","volume":"15","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalano, A., Sinicropi, M.S., Iacopetta, D., Ceramella, J., Mariconda, A., Saturnino, C., Longo, P., Buonerba, M., Drommi, D., and Crescenzi, E. (2021). A Review on the Advancements in the Field of Metal Complexes with Schiff Bases as Antiproliferative Agents. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11136027"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520619666190227171716","article-title":"Schiff Bases and Their Metal Complexes as Potential Anticancer Candidates: A Review of Recent Works","volume":"19","author":"Tadele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00258","article-title":"Applications of Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry","volume":"58","author":"Gillis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1039\/B610213C","article-title":"Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry","volume":"37","author":"Purser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1021\/cg8002228","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Two Novel Cadmium(II) Complexes: One from Tripodal Imine\u2212Phenol Ligand and the Other from In Situ Partial Degradation of Dipolar Imine\u2212Phenol Ligand","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1039\/qr9712500289","article-title":"Structural aspects of coordinated nitrate groups","volume":"25","author":"Addison","year":"1971","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1139\/v71-315","article-title":"Infrared Combination Frequencies in Coordination Complexes Containing Nitrate Groups in Various Coordination Environments. A Probe for the Metal\u2013Nitrate Interaction","volume":"49","author":"Lever","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(00)80009-0","article-title":"The use of conductivity measurements in organic solvents for the characterisation of coordination compounds","volume":"7","author":"Geary","year":"1971","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.08.011","article-title":"Absorption Spectroscopy of Octahedral Nickel(II) Complexes: A Case Study of Interactions between Multiple Electronic Excited States","volume":"251","author":"Reber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A., and Bochmann, M. (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Miessler, G.L., Fischer, P.J., and Tarr, D.A. (2014). Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lever, A.B.P. (1984). Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]. Chapter III and IV."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Skoog, D.A., Holler, F.J., and Crouch, S.R. (2007). Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage Learning. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201500335","article-title":"A Range of Nitrato Coordination Modes in Ni(II) Complexes with the Versatile Ligand 1,8-Bis(2-pyridyl)-3,6-dithiaoctane: Structural, Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Studies","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.5b00542","article-title":"Transition Metal d-Orbital Splitting Diagrams: An Updated Educational Resource for Square Planar Transition Metal Complexes","volume":"93","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198456040461","article-title":"Reporting electrode potentials in nonaqueous solvents","volume":"56","author":"Gritzner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2020.106810","article-title":"Analysis of adsorption-related voltammograms: Transformation to potential-program invariant form","volume":"118","author":"Pajkossy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/00958970008022238","article-title":"Cyclic voltammetric studies of axially substituted nickel(II) complexes containing a Schiff-based macrocyclic ligand","volume":"49","author":"Anacona","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Coord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Bard, A.J., and Faulkner, L.R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.7b00361","article-title":"A practical beginner\u2019s guide to cyclic voltammetry","volume":"95","author":"Elgrishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.13.1107","article-title":"New Colorimetric Cytotoxicity Assay for Anticancer-Drug Screening","volume":"82","author":"Skehan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2026.111995","article-title":"Cytotoxic and oxidative stress-related effects of N2O2-type Ni(II)-thiosemicarbazone complexes: Experimental and computational studies","volume":"430","author":"Poladian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12584","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01252","article-title":"Exploration of antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction of new nickel(II) complexes encompassing carbazole ligands","volume":"8","author":"Prabaharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellei, M., Del Gobbo, J., Caviglia, M., Gandin, V., Marzano, C., Karade, D.V., Poyil, A.N., Dias, H.V.R., and Santini, C. (2024). Synthesis and Investigations of the Antitumor Effects of First-Row Transition Metal(II) Complexes Supported by Two Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated \u03b2-Diketonates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042038"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2020.119824","article-title":"DNA binding, cleavage, apoptosis and cytotoxicity studies of three heteroleptic nickel complexes bearing \u03b2-diketones","volume":"511","author":"Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mej\u00eda, C., Ortega-Rosales, S., and Ruiz-Azuara, L. (2018). Mechanism of action of anticancer metallodrugs. Biomedical Applications of Metals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74814-6_10"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia-Cruz, A.I., Uribe-Figueroa, L.I., Galindo-Murillo, R., Baca-L\u00f3pez, K., Guti\u00e9rrez, A.G., V\u00e1zquez-Aguirre, A., Ruiz-Azuara, L., Hern\u00e1ndez-Lemus, E., and Mej\u00eda, C. (2013). Gene expression analysis reveals apoptosis pathways. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054664"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-27491-y","article-title":"Apoptotic mechanism in HeLa cells","volume":"15","author":"Loo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sunderman, F.W. (1984). Chemical and biological reactivity of insoluble nickel compounds and the bioinorganic chemistry of nickel. Nickel in the Human Environment, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Scientific Publications No. 53."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Chen, L., Cui, H., Peng, X., Fang, J., Zuo, Z., Deng, J., Wang, X., and Wu, B. (2016). Research Advances on Pathways of Nickel-Induced Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010010"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-016-9983-8","article-title":"The mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is induced by Cu(II) antineoplastic compounds (Casiope\u00ednas\u00ae) in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells after short exposure times","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1039\/D4OB01840K","article-title":"Nickel(II)-catalyzed Fenton-like reactions","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15650","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB01461A","article-title":"Apoptosis induction by Ni complexes","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2024.25.10.3481","article-title":"Integrated Molecular Docking and Experimental Analysis of Ni(II) Proline Dithiocarbamate Cytotoxicity in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"25","author":"Prihantono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.113763","article-title":"Nickel nanocomposites in apoptosis","volume":"234","author":"Nivetha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.10.028","article-title":"Pro- and antioxidant activity of metal ions","volume":"298","author":"Terpilowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.004","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and Cancer Paradox: To Promote or to Suppress?","volume":"104","author":"Galadari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00435-0","article-title":"Role of ROS in tumor progression","volume":"22","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.11.019","article-title":"Glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant pathways synergize to drive cancer initiation and progression","volume":"27","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.5.6.697","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase in cancer therapy","volume":"5","author":"Hileman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1021\/ed085p532","article-title":"Diamagnetic Corrections and Pascal\u2019s Constants","volume":"85","author":"Bain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Oxford Diffraction Ltd. (2013). CrysAlis CCD and RED Software, Oxford Diffraction."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1107\/S0108767395007367","article-title":"Absorption Correction Using Gaussian Integration","volume":"51","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. A"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1107\/S2053273314026370","article-title":"SHELXT\u2013Integrated space-group and crystal-structure determination","volume":"71","author":"Sheldrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. A"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"3","article-title":"Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL","volume":"71","author":"Sheldrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Struct. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889812029111","article-title":"WinGX and ORTEP update","volume":"45","author":"Farrugia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G.A., and Nakatsuji, H. (2016). Gaussian 16, Revision C.01, Gaussian Inc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5648","DOI":"10.1063\/1.464913","article-title":"Density-Functional Thermochemistry. III. The Role of Exact Exchange","volume":"98","author":"Becke","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1063\/1.448975","article-title":"Ab Initio Effective Core Potentials for Molecular Calculations. Potentials for K to Au Including the Outermost Core Orbitals","volume":"82","author":"Hay","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1063\/1.447079","article-title":"Self-Consistent Molecular Orbital Methods. XXV. Supplementary Functions for Gaussian Basis Sets","volume":"80","author":"Frisch","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6378","DOI":"10.1021\/jp810292n","article-title":"Universal Solvation Model Based on Solute Electron Density and on a Continuum Model of the Solvent Defined by the Bulk Dielectric Constant and Atomic Surface Tensions","volume":"113","author":"Marenich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.52.997","article-title":"Density-Functional Theory for Time-Dependent Systems","volume":"52","author":"Runge","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:32:56Z","timestamp":1785403976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156601","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}