{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:58:17Z","timestamp":1785412697756,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EU - NRRP M6C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU - NRRP M6C2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["EU - NRRP M6C2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU - NRRP M6C2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulsatile blood flow is a fundamental characteristic of cardiovascular physiology that regulates endothelial function, vascular homeostasis, microcirculatory integrity, and organ adaptation through complex mechanobiological pathways. The widespread use of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) has created a unique clinical model of chronic pulsatility deprivation, whereas heart transplantation restores physiological pulsatile hemodynamics. This review examines the molecular, cellular, and systemic consequences of these contrasting circulatory states. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies indicates that reduced pulsatility during CF-LVAD support is associated with impaired endothelial mechanotransduction, glycocalyx disruption, oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, angiogenic dysregulation, acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and microvascular remodeling. These alterations contribute to bleeding, thrombosis, neurological events, and progressive end-organ dysfunction. In contrast, restoration of pulsatile flow following heart transplantation promotes recovery of endothelial signaling, nitric oxide bioavailability, vascular responsiveness, and tissue perfusion, although persistent immune-mediated injury may limit complete vascular normalization. Emerging concepts involving Piezo1 signaling, YAP\/TAZ mechanotransduction, extracellular vesicles, immunometabolism, and multi-omics profiling further support the role of pulsatility as a biological regulator rather than a simple hemodynamic consequence of cardiac contraction. Understanding pulsatility-dependent cardiovascular remodeling may facilitate the development of next-generation circulatory support technologies and novel therapeutic strategies to preserve vascular health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1785145661000},"page":"6650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulsatility as a Potential Regulator of Cardiovascular Biology: Molecular, Cellular, and Hemodynamic Remodeling During Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Support and Following Heart Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Lutomski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Physiotherapy, Department of Sport Medicine and Traumatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 27\/39 Kr\u00f3lowej Jadwigi Street, 61-871 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogera","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical Surgical and Critical Area (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6563-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof J.","family":"Filipiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 99\/103 Marymoncka Street, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Maria","family":"Raffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine in Medical Surgical and Critical Area (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Vazzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Specialized Therapies), 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansur","family":"Rahnama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Suwalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2798-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Krasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular, Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 1\/2 Dluga Street, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-4644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Jemielity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 1\/2 D\u0142uga, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 27\/39 Kr\u00f3lowej Jadwigi Street, 61-871 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8080-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 1\/2 D\u0142uga, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2022.12.004","article-title":"The 2023 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for Mechanical Circulatory Support: A 10-Year Update","volume":"42","author":"Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1858","article-title":"Epidemiology of heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Groenewegen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.01.014","article-title":"Advanced Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"8","author":"Truby","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Writing Committee, Hollenberg, S.M., Stevenson, L.W., Ahmad, T., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Davis, L.L., Drazner, M.H., Kirkpatrick, J.N., and Morris, A.A. (2024). 2024 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Clinical Assessment, Management, and Trajectory of Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure Focused Update: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 84, 1241\u20131267.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.06.002"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11675","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2023.11675","article-title":"Five-Year Outcome After Continuous Flow LVAD with Full-Magnetic (HeartMate 3) Versus Hybrid Levitation System (HeartWare): A Propensity-Score Matched Study from an All-Comers Multicentre Registry","volume":"36","author":"Francica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.33963\/v.phj.111551","article-title":"Durable mechanical circulatory support in Poland: Insights from the Polish durable Left Ventricular Assist Device (POL-LVAD) registry compared to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Intermacs registry","volume":"84","author":"Przybylski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2024.05.010","article-title":"International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the Evaluation and Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates-2024","volume":"43","author":"Peled","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhlto.2023.100032","article-title":"Generation of Pulsatile Flow using Clinical Continuous Flow Pumps","volume":"3","author":"Birjiniuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHLT Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1600","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00656.2025","article-title":"Guidelines for evaluating endothelial function in vascular tissue","volume":"330","author":"McCarthy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tianlong, W., Xiaohu, W., Xingtong, Z., Haibo, C., Juan, D., Liang, Z., Jian, W., Shujie, Y., Gang, L., and Yuan, T. (2026). Trajectories of the systemic pulsatility index after CF-LVAD implantation and clinical impact. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-026-05831-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boburg, R.S., Marinos, S.L., Baumgaertner, M., Rustenbach, C.J., Salewski, C., Doll, I., Berger, R., Schlensak, C., and Radwan, M. (2024). Nine Years of Continuous Flow LVAD (HeartMate 3): Survival and LVAD-Related Complications before and after Hospital Discharge. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11100301"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2018.1540300","article-title":"Neurological complications associated with left ventricular assist device therapy","volume":"16","author":"Goodwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-019-01562-4","article-title":"Role of imaging in diagnosis and management of left ventricular assist device complications","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.064","article-title":"Neurologic Complications in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Single Institution Retrospective Review","volume":"139","author":"Toms","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, M., Nimmo, M., and Rugonyi, S. (2025). Developmental and Evolutionary Heart Adaptations Through Structure-Function Relationships. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12030083"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800252","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.201800252","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Mechanotransduction in the Dynamic Vascular Environment","volume":"3","author":"Charbonier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-11-1-12","article-title":"Physiological impact of continuous flow on end-organ function: Clinical implications in the current era of left ventricular assist devices","volume":"11","author":"Bhimaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methodist. Debakey Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2017.09.18","article-title":"Heart transplantation versus left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy or bridge to transplantation for 1-year mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Theochari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14439","article-title":"Heart transplantation in patients bridged with mechanical circulatory support: Outcome comparison with matched controls","volume":"10","author":"Bartfay","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakasugi, R., Suzuki, K., and Kaneko-Kawano, T. (2024). Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Vascular Endothelial Permeability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126415"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909938","article-title":"Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device","volume":"361","author":"Slaughter","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319720946977","article-title":"Endothelial Function in Patients with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices","volume":"72","author":"Poredos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanthapudi, V.S.K., Kotla, S., and Le, N.T. (2025). TNIK-driven regulation of ERK5 transcriptional activity in endothelial cells. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1526676"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.14-261","article-title":"Successful weight reduction improves left ventricular diastolic function and physical performance in severe obesity","volume":"56","author":"Fenk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123825","article-title":"Shear stress-induced endothelial adrenomedullin signaling regulates vascular tone and blood pressure","volume":"129","author":"Iring","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.12.010","article-title":"Flow-mediated vasodilation through mechanosensitive G protein-coupled receptors in endothelial cells","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000878","article-title":"Acute Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform mRNA Expression in Response to Two Resistance Exercise Intensities with Equal Volume Load in Resistance-Trained Men","volume":"29","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-04015-4","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived outer membrane vesicles promote vascular endothelial glycocalyx injury via the PPAD\/CitH3\/B3GAT1 pathway","volume":"24","author":"Yin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02350-4","article-title":"Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction regulates the translational activity, function and lung pathogenicity of group 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24311","article-title":"Piezo1 channel-mediated Ca2+ signaling inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the NF-\u03baB inflammatory signaling pathway and generation of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in microglial cells","volume":"71","author":"Malko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155993","article-title":"Longxuetongluo Capsule alleviate ischemia\/reperfusion induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through modulating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"134","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.226928","article-title":"Multiple facets of NF-\u03baB in the heart: To be or not to NF-\u03baB","volume":"108","author":"Gordon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2021.12.005","article-title":"Hyperadhesive von Willebrand Factor Promotes Extracellular Vesicle-Induced Angiogenesis: Implication for LVAD-Induced Bleeding","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13323","article-title":"Stress and Exposure Time on von Willebrand Factor Degradation","volume":"43","author":"Jhun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.035","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1\/COX-2 expression and mouse brain capillary remodeling during prolonged moderate hypoxia and subsequent re-oxygenation","volume":"1569","author":"Benderro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.03.016","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced angiogenesis is delayed in aging mouse brain","volume":"1389","author":"Benderro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-999-0030-9","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous system and baroreflexes in hypertension and hypotension","volume":"1","author":"Izzo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00035.2014","article-title":"The baroreflex as a long-term controller of arterial pressure","volume":"30","author":"Lohmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102411","article-title":"Unraveling the complex pathophysiology of heart failure: Insights into the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)","volume":"49","author":"Maryam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neyra Chauca, J.M., V\u00e1zquez VanDyck, M., Espinoza Santana, A., Robles Mart\u00ednez, G.G., Romero Vega, K.A., Garc\u00eda Quintana, N., and Favila S\u00e1nchez, V. (2026). Microvascular Failure in the Aging Brain: Converging Pathways of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endothelial Decline. Biomedicines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14010130"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12673","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12673","article-title":"Effects of impaired microvascular flow regulation on metabolism-perfusion matching and organ function","volume":"28","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.E., Lim, Y., and Lee, J.S. (2025). Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Metabolic Reprogramming in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47121042"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simeone, P., Bologna, G., Lanuti, P., Pierdomenico, L., Guagnano, M.T., Pieragostino, D., Del Boccio, P., Vergara, D., Marchisio, M., and Miscia, S. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles as Signaling Mediators and Disease Biomarkers across Biological Barriers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072514"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadnezhad, L., Shekarkar Azgomi, M., La Manna, M.P., Sireci, G., Rizzo, C., Badami, G.D., Tamburini, B., Dieli, F., Guggino, G., and Caccamo, N. (2022). Metabolic Reprogramming of Innate Immune Cells as a Possible Source of New Therapeutic Approaches in Autoimmunity. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101663"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olek, K., Kuczaj, A.A., Warwas, S., Hrapkowicz, T., Przyby\u0142owski, P., and Tanasiewicz, M. (2023). Gut Microbiome in Patients after Heart Transplantation-Current State of Knowledge. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061588"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrysakis, N., Magouliotis, D.E., Spiliopoulos, K., Athanasiou, T., Briasoulis, A., Triposkiadis, F., Skoularigis, J., and Xanthopoulos, A. (2024). Heart Transplantation. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020558"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2021.05.007","article-title":"Left Ventricular Assist Device: Indication, Timing, and Management","volume":"17","author":"Frigerio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309326","article-title":"Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis","volume":"120","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and the Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1397","article-title":"Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2009","article-title":"Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: Pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives","volume":"91","author":"Chiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02169-x","article-title":"The Atheroprotective Nature of Helical Flow in Coronary Arteries","volume":"47","author":"Kok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1160\/th15-07-0597","article-title":"Atherosclerosis at arterial bifurcations: Evidence for the role of haemodynamics and geometry","volume":"115","author":"Morbiducci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2022.tb00201.x","article-title":"Physiology of Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.877597","article-title":"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in patients with an axial flow left ventricular assist device","volume":"3","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2020.03.017","article-title":"Pulsatility in ventricular assistance devices: A translational review focused on applied haemodynamics","volume":"113","author":"Lescroart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2014.55.609","article-title":"Why pulsatility still matters: A review of current knowledge","volume":"55","year":"2014","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00108.2018","article-title":"Aortic stiffness, pressure and flow pulsatility, and target organ damage","volume":"125","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12725","article-title":"Effects of shear stress on endothelial cells: Go with the flow","volume":"219","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.702795","article-title":"Metabolic mechanisms in heart failure","volume":"116","author":"Ashrafian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-5299.2002.00714.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.13291","article-title":"Acquired Von Willebrand Syndrome and Blood Pump Design","volume":"42","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1150-2016","article-title":"Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome and Platelet Function Defects during Extracorporeal Life Support (Mechanical Circulatory Support)","volume":"40","author":"Schlagenhauf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hamostaseologie"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2017.06.004","article-title":"von Willebrand factor disruption and continuous-flow circulatory devices","volume":"36","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.302317","article-title":"Innate immunity and the failing heart: The cytokine hypothesis revisited","volume":"116","author":"Mann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-07071-0","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure","volume":"34","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.06.020","article-title":"The role of complement in biomaterial-induced inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Nilsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.06.020","article-title":"The blood compatibility challenge. Part 3: Material associated activation of blood cascades and cells","volume":"94","author":"Gorbet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312563","article-title":"Mechanisms of Dysfunction in the Aging Vasculature and Role in Age-Related Disease","volume":"123","author":"Donato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad192","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-025-01165-8","article-title":"Immunometabolism in heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Andreadou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012674","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.125.012674","article-title":"Cellular Interactions and Immunometabolic Mechanisms in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence","volume":"19","author":"Peikert","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, W.H., Handoko, M.L., M\u00f8ller, C.H., Rossing, K., Gustafsson, F., Mokhles, M.M., Szymanski, M.K., and Van Laake, L.W. (2026). Peak Oxygen Uptake for Risk Stratification in Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients. ASAIO J., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000002773"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salewski, C., Sandoval Boburg, R., Marinos, S., Doll, I., Schlensak, C., Nemeth, A., and Radwan, M. (2025). The Role of an Interdisciplinary Left-Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Outpatient Clinic in Long-Term Survival After Hospital Discharge: A Decade of HeartMate III Experience in a Non-Transplant Center. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081795"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02369-2","article-title":"It takes more than two to tango: Mechanosignaling of the endothelial surface","volume":"472","author":"Fels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2019.tb00074.x","article-title":"Mechanosensing and Mechanoregulation of Endothelial Cell Functions","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-025-05289-w","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: Mechanisms and in vitro models","volume":"480","author":"Grego","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penna, C., and Pagliaro, P. (2025). Endothelial Dysfunction: Redox Imbalance, NLRP3 Inflammasome, and Inflammatory Responses in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030256"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H989","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00431.2024","article-title":"Integrating molecular and cellular components of endothelial shear stress mechanotransduction","volume":"327","author":"Power","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042022-030946","article-title":"Mechanosensing by Vascular Endothelium","volume":"86","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs264456","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.264456","article-title":"Sensing of shear stress in vascular endothelial cells\u2014From physiology to pathology","volume":"139","author":"Alfaidi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.325685","article-title":"Biophysical and Biochemical Roles of Shear Stress on Endothelium: A Revisit and New Insights","volume":"136","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweet, D.R., Fan, L., Hsieh, P.N., and Jain, M.K. (2018). Kr\u00fcppel-Like Factors in Vascular Inflammation: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00006"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00883-1","article-title":"Flow-induced reprogramming of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Tamargo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-06026-8","article-title":"Talin1 modulates the Piezo1-YAP axis to regulate endothelial cell inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.06.018","article-title":"How cells channel their stress: Interplay between Piezo1 and the cytoskeleton","volume":"71","author":"Nourse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12838","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12838","article-title":"Emerging role of YAP\/TAZ in vascular mechanotransduction and disease","volume":"31","author":"Ritsvall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002266","article-title":"The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Fundamental Determinant of Vascular Permeability in Sepsis","volume":"21","author":"Carcillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalak, K.P., and Michalak, A.Z. (2025). Understanding chronic inflammation: Couplings between cytokines, ROS, NO, Cai2+, HIF-1\u03b1, Nrf2 and autophagy. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1558263"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Z., Zhang, C., Shi, H., Li, W., Xia, Y., Yan, X., Zhou, X., Ling, J., and Liu, G. (2026). Exercise-Induced Shear Stress, Endothelial Glycocalyx Remodeling, and Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability: A Mechanistic Review. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd13060265"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446452","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1446452","article-title":"Mechanosensory entities and functionality of endothelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Mierke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00412-1","article-title":"Syndecan-1, an indicator of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, predicts outcome of patients admitted to an ICU with COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnay, B., Dhayanand, S.R., Matas, M., Sotosek, V., and Baticic, L. (2026). Dynamic Changes in Endothelial Glycocalyx and Inflammatory Response in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated with Mechanical Thrombectomy: Pathophysiological Aspects and Clinical Implications. Neurol. Int., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18050077"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, H.Y. (2023). Special Issue \u201cRole of Redox Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress in Human Health\u201d. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098352"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"250","article-title":"ROS-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2018.03.013","article-title":"The impact of oxidative DNA damage and stress on telomere homeostasis","volume":"177","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01608-z","article-title":"The relationship between telomere length and aging-related diseases","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9757201","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9757201","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dynamics: Biogenesis, Fission, Fusion, and Mitophagy in the Regulation of Stem Cell Behaviors","volume":"2019","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endmts.2024.100205","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, mitophagy and oxidative stress in gestational obesity: A review","volume":"17","author":"Soto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, P., Sulejczak, D., Kleczkowska, P., Bukowska-O\u015bko, I., Kucia, M., Popiel, M., Wietrak, E., Kramkowski, K., Wrzosek, K., and Kaczy\u0144ska, K. (2021). Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress-A Causative Factor and Therapeutic Target in Many Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413384"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312814","article-title":"Turbulent Flow Promotes Cleavage of VWF (von Willebrand Factor) by ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with a Thrombospondin Type-1 Motif, Member 13)","volume":"39","author":"Bortot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2018.03.013","article-title":"Acquired von Willebrand syndrome and impaired platelet function during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Rapid onset and fast recovery","volume":"37","author":"Kalbhenn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-264507","article-title":"Endothelial von Willebrand factor regulates angiogenesis","volume":"117","author":"Starke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magar, A.G., Morya, V.K., Kwak, M.K., Oh, J.U., and Noh, K.C. (2024). A Molecular Perspective on HIF-1\u03b1 and Angiogenic Stimulator Networks and Their Role in Solid Tumors: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063313"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2021.11.009","article-title":"Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia in heart failure and during CF LVAD support","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2020-cfmcs-29","article-title":"Pathologic von Willebrand factor degradation is a major contributor to left ventricular assist device-associated bleeding: Pathophysiology and evolving clinical management","volume":"10","author":"Bartoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV17031","article-title":"Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"26","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp012","article-title":"The impact of left ventricular assist device-induced left ventricular unloading on the myocardial renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Therapeutic consequences?","volume":"30","author":"Klotz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3232","article-title":"Baroreflex activation therapy in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: Long-term outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Zile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.075","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic control in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support and pharmacologic therapy","volume":"168","author":"Nunan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1177\/039139881003301203","article-title":"Left ventricular assist improves autonomic imbalance in patients with persistent myocardial dysfunction","volume":"33","author":"Gardiwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007448","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007448","article-title":"Impairments in Blood Pressure Regulation and Cardiac Baroreceptor Sensitivity Among Patients with Heart Failure Supported with Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices","volume":"14","author":"Sailer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panneflek, J., Lauzea, B., Barbarawi, M., and Greenaway, A. (2026). The Microvascular\u2013Immune Interface in Cardiovascular Disease: A Stage-Based Framework of Microvascular Failure. Hearts, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202604.0279.v1"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Tang, C., Liu, Y., Border, J.J., Roman, R.J., and Fan, F. (2022). Impact of impaired cerebral blood flow autoregulation on cognitive impairment. Front. Aging, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2022.1077302"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.08.012","article-title":"Risk of Liver Dysfunction After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation","volume":"111","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.01.009","article-title":"Kidney Function Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: An Observational Cohort Study","volume":"3","author":"Wettersten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2012.07.014","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow autoregulation is preserved after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"26","author":"Ono","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.08.003","article-title":"A multiscale model of cerebral autoregulation","volume":"95","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"210","article-title":"Neurologic Complications in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices","volume":"39","author":"Shoskes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022967","article-title":"Stroke Incidence and Impact of Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices on Cerebrovascular Physiology","volume":"50","author":"Cornwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutomski, P., Filipiak, K.J., Wachowiak-Baszy\u0144ska, H., Straburzy\u0144ska-Migaj, E., Krasi\u0144ski, Z., Jemielity, M., Zieli\u0144ski, J., and Urbanowicz, T. (2026). From Continuous-Flow Mechanical Circulatory Support to Heart Transplantation: Hemodynamic, Immunometabolic, and Body Composition Determinants of Rehabilitation Outcomes. J. Clin. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15135305"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2024.01.011","article-title":"The Future of Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support: Emerging Technological Innovations and Considerations to Enable Evolution of the Field","volume":"30","author":"Dual","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakov, K., Provaznik, Z., Schmid, C., and Camboni, D. (2024). Advancing LVAD Technology: Overcoming Challenges and Shaping the Future of Mechanical Circulatory Support. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247813"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e651","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.651","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, L.R., Plutino, P., Lopes, G., Quarta, R., Calvelli, P., Indolfi, C., Polimeni, A., and Curcio, A. (2025). Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Adaptation After Device Deployment. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12080291"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbanowicz, T., Olasi\u0144ska-Wi\u015bniewska, A., Grodecki, K., G\u0105secka, A., Filipiak, K.J., Gawlikowski, M., Mucha, \u0141., and Jemielity, M. (2023). Increased Plasma Concentrations of Extracellular Vesicles Are Associated with Pro-Inflammatory and Pro-Thrombotic Characteristics of Left and Right Ventricle Mechanical Support Devices. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10010021"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lok, S.I., de Jonge, N., van Kuik, J., van Geffen, A.J., Huibers, M.M., van der Weide, P., Siera, E., Winkens, B., Doevendans, P.A., and de Weger, R.A. (2015). MicroRNA Expression in Myocardial Tissue and Plasma of Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure during LVAD Support: Comparison of Continuous and Pulsatile Devices. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136404"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dlouha, D., Ivak, P., Netuka, I., Benesova, S., Tucanova, Z., and Hubacek, J.A. (2021). An Integrative Study of Aortic mRNA\/miRNA Longitudinal Changes in Long-Term LVAD Support. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147414"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056600","article-title":"Distinct Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profile Specifies Patients Who Have Heart Failure with Potential of Myocardial Recovery on Mechanical Unloading and Circulatory Support","volume":"147","author":"Drakos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s, A.J. (2026). Omics Technologies in Molecular Biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27083349"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9486","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.110254","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals endothelial cell heterogeneity and Sox18-mediated EndMT in abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800866","article-title":"Two-Year Outcomes with a Magnetically Levitated Cardiac Pump in Heart Failure","volume":"378","author":"Mehra","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49844","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000049844","article-title":"Inflammation at the crossroads: A bibliometric and integrative review of metabolic-cardiac links in diabetic cardiomyopathy (2004-2024)","volume":"105","author":"Fang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000337","article-title":"Kr\u00fcppel-like factors in endothelial cell biology","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2007.09.032","article-title":"Exercise training attenuates progressive decline in brachial artery reactivity in heart transplant recipients","volume":"27","author":"Braith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-025-01163-w","article-title":"Vascular (dys)function in the failing heart","volume":"22","author":"Liberale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2025.01.007","article-title":"Does coronary microvascular dysfunction play a role in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?","volume":"200","author":"Shabani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.10.073","article-title":"Coronary endothelial vasomotor function and vascular remodeling in heart transplant recipients randomized for tacrolimus or cyclosporine immunosuppression","volume":"47","author":"Petrakopoulou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr304","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: Regulation and function","volume":"33","author":"Sessa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H623","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.2.H623","article-title":"Protective roles of endogenous carbon monoxide in neointimal development elicited by arterial injury","volume":"278","author":"Togane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2009.01.002","article-title":"Assessment of peripheral endothelial-dependent vasodilatation within the first year after heart transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Roig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(00)00091-7","article-title":"Predictive factors and long-term evolution of early endothelial dysfunction after cardiac transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Cequier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2004.03.009","article-title":"Cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation: Risk factors and management","volume":"23","author":"Valantine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.08.115","article-title":"Influence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in the recipient on the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation","volume":"40","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.02.002","article-title":"Non-immune risk predictors of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: Results from the U.S. organ procurement and transplantation network","volume":"331","author":"Fluschnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14413","article-title":"Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients undergoing heart transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Kondziella","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutance, G., Desir\u00e9, E., and Duong Van Huyen, J.P. (2022). A Review of Biomarkers of Cardiac Allograft Rejection: Toward an Integrated Diagnosis of Rejection. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081135"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314330","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity","volume":"40","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"129","article-title":"How do mechanical forces impact macrophages in the processes of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction?","volume":"27","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.1580","article-title":"Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: A Focus on Advances in Diagnosis and Management","volume":"21","author":"Stomberski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.07.002","article-title":"Cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation: Pathophysiology, detection approaches, prevention, and treatment management","volume":"32","author":"Spartalis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004853","article-title":"Transplant Vasculopathy Versus Native Atherosclerosis: Similarities and Differences","volume":"108","author":"Weis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"303","article-title":"Cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation: Current prevention and treatment strategies","volume":"23","author":"Spartalis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-6-61","article-title":"An evolving new paradigm: Endothelial cells--conditional innate immune cells","volume":"6","author":"Mai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan, S., Smirne, C., Aquino, C.I., Surico, D., Remorgida, V., Ola Pour, M.M., Pirisi, M., and Grossini, E. (2026). Nitric Oxide Signaling in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathology: Mechanisms, Dysregulation, and Therapeutic Frontiers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020629"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.01.004","article-title":"Spatial multiomics of arterial regions from cardiac allograft vasculopathy rejected grafts reveal novel insights into the pathogenesis of chronic antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"24","author":"Pickering","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C.Y., Lee, C.Y., Chen, J.H., and Chiang, C.K. (2025). Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection and Plasma Cell ER Stress: Opportunities and Challenges with Calcineurin Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062711"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12164","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202512164","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in Shaping Immunity: Pathways, Crosstalk, and Pathophysiological Relevance","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.246876","article-title":"The intersection between aging and cardiovascular disease","volume":"110","author":"North","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000160548.78317.29","article-title":"Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness","volume":"25","author":"Zieman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2174\/157016110790886992","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in cardiac allograft vasculopathy: Potential pharmacological interventions","volume":"8","author":"Osto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.901920","article-title":"Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Heart Transplantation: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Target for Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10613-0","article-title":"Pharmacological and toxicological roles of Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) in the cardiovascular system: A review","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039","article-title":"The hallmarks of aging","volume":"153","author":"Blasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elezaby, A., Dexheimer, R., and Sallam, K. (2022). Cardiovascular effects of immunosuppression agents. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.981838"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1209","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01047.2006","article-title":"Mechanotransduction and endothelial cell homeostasis: The wisdom of the cell","volume":"292","author":"Chien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13701","article-title":"Piezo1 integration of vascular architecture with physiological force","volume":"515","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0046","article-title":"Prolonged fluid shear stress induces a distinct set of endothelial cell genes, most specifically lung Kr\u00fcppel-like factor (KLF2)","volume":"100","author":"Dekker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24787","article-title":"Integration of flow-dependent endothelial phenotypes by Kruppel-like factor 2","volume":"116","author":"Parmar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzo, C., Vitillo, P., Di Pietro, P., Visco, V., Strianese, A., Virtuoso, N., Ciccarelli, M., Galasso, G., Carrizzo, A., and Vecchione, C. (2021). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11010060"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000258450.44413.96","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Madamanchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.08.008","article-title":"Endothelial cell senescence in aging-related vascular dysfunction","volume":"1865","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103119","article-title":"Endothelial cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular ageing","volume":"118","author":"Walczak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001853","article-title":"Mechanical pressure unloading therapy reverses thoracic aortic structural and functional changes in a hypertensive rat model","volume":"36","author":"Brlecic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e326235","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.326235","article-title":"Deficiency of Smooth Muscle Adar1 Exacerbates Vascular Remodeling and Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"138","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2023.04.002","article-title":"Pulsatility and flow patterns across macro- and microcirculatory arteries of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device patients","volume":"42","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendelson, A.A., Erickson, D., and Villar, R. (2023). The role of the microcirculation and integrative cardiovascular physiology in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1170429"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonopoulos, M., Bonios, M.J., Dimopoulos, S., Leontiadis, E., Gouziouta, A., Kogerakis, N., Koliopoulou, A., Elaiopoulos, D., Vlahodimitris, I., and Chronaki, M. (2024). Advanced Heart Failure: Therapeutic Options and Challenges in the Evolving Field of Left Ventricular Assist Devices. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11020061"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.01.1329","article-title":"American Association for Thoracic Surgery\/International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines on selected topics in mechanical circulatory support","volume":"39","author":"Kirklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciaccaluga, C., Ghionzoli, N., Mandoli, G.E., D\u2019Ascenzi, F., Focardi, M., Valente, S., and Cameli, M. (2022). Biomarkers in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Device: An Insight on Current Evidence. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020334"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.133","article-title":"New therapy, new challenges: The effects of long-term continuous flow left ventricular assist device on inflammation","volume":"215","author":"Billia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12824","article-title":"Detection of acquired von Willebrand syndrome after ventricular assist device by total thrombus-formation analysis system","volume":"7","author":"Takashio","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1089253219898985","article-title":"Heart Transplantation After Ventricular Assist Device Therapy: Benefits, Risks, and Outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.100123","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in heart transplant candidates supported with mechanical circulatory support: Is reappraisal of the current United network for organ sharing thoracic organ allocation policy justified?","volume":"127","author":"Drakos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129669.21649.40","article-title":"Endothelium as an organ system","volume":"32","author":"Aird","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7487-y","article-title":"The evolving role of thrombospondin-1 in hemostasis and vascular biology","volume":"65","author":"Bonnefoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000096","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases and Beyond: From Mechanism to Pharmacotherapies","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2424566122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2424566122","article-title":"Pulsatile flow induces chromatin interaction with lamin-associated proteins to enrich H3K9 methylation in endothelial cells","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, J.A., Uryash, A., and Lopez, J.R. (2022). Non-Invasive Pulsatile Shear Stress Modifies Endothelial Activation; A Narrative Review. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123050"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-007-0212-8","article-title":"The endothelial glycocalyx: Composition, functions, and visualization","volume":"454","author":"Reitsma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003918","article-title":"Glycocalyx Degradation Is Independent of Vascular Barrier Permeability Increase in Nontraumatic Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats","volume":"129","author":"Guerci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11774","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202511774","article-title":"PIEZO Force Sensing in Vascular Biology: An Explosion of New Knowledge, Concepts and Opportunity","volume":"12","author":"Beech","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.10.053","article-title":"Swimming motions evoke Piezo1-dependent Ca2+ events in vascular endothelial cells of larval zebrafish","volume":"35","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11525","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613121113","article-title":"Flow-dependent YAP\/TAZ activities regulate endothelial phenotypes and atherosclerosis","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18947","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.739722","article-title":"Thromboxane A2 Activates YAP\/TAZ Protein to Induce Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration","volume":"291","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2025.25.e15","article-title":"Modulation of Immune Responses by Metabolic Reprogramming: The Key Role of Immunometabolism","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.08.005","article-title":"Insights from multi-omics integration in complex disease primary tissues","volume":"39","author":"Kreitmaier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14456","article-title":"Loss of pulsatility with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices and the significance of the arterial endothelium in von-Willebrand factor production and degradation","volume":"47","author":"Giridharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, J., Gao, Z., Yu, W., and Yu, Y. (2025). Physiologic effects of different hemodynamic patterns of LVAD. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1645705"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2021-cfmcs-35","article-title":"Contemporary outcomes of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices-a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"McNamara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2016.01.031","article-title":"Reduced continuous-flow left ventricular assist device speed does not decrease von Willebrand factor degradation","volume":"151","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"2624","article-title":"Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: Current review and future research directions","volume":"117","author":"Pober","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"E527","article-title":"Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: A review","volume":"92","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-012-9414-3","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and cardiac allograft vasculopathy","volume":"6","author":"Harcourt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, F., Asleh, R., Perue, R.K., Weinstein, J.M., Solomon, A., Betesh-Abay, B., Briasoulis, A., and Alnsasra, H. (2023). Vascular Function in Continuous Flow LVADs: Implications for Clinical Practice. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030757"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Testore, D., Zoso, A., Kortaberria, G., Sangermano, M., and Chiono, V. (2022). Electroconductive Photo-Curable PEGDA-Gelatin\/PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels for Prospective Cardiac Tissue Engineering Application. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.897575"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2403642","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202403642","article-title":"Electrically Conductive Collagen-PEDOT:PSS Hydrogel Prevents Post-Infarct Cardiac Arrhythmia and Supports hiPSC-Cardiomyocyte Function","volume":"36","author":"Roshanbinfar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500097","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202500097","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of PEDOT:PSS-Based Microstructured Electrodes for In Vitro Cell Culture","volume":"12","author":"Marcuello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117999","article-title":"Enhanced intracellular recording in cardiomyocytes via soft ionic-electronic conductive interfaces of PEDOT: PSS-modified electrodes","volume":"290","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-022-10235-y","article-title":"Fluid Shear Stress Ameliorates Prehypertension-Associated Decline in Endothelium-Reparative Potential of Early Endothelial Progenitor Cells","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201408103","article-title":"Intramembrane binding of VE-cadherin to VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 assembles the endothelial mechanosensory complex","volume":"208","author":"Coon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000107","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: The role of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-induced NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2025.111699","article-title":"Endothelial Kr\u00fcppel-like factor 2\/4: Regulation and function in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"130","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milusev, A., Rieben, R., and Sorvillo, N. (2022). The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.897087"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13239-020-00486-8","article-title":"Anisodamine Hydrobromide Protects Glycocalyx and Against the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increases in Microvascular Endothelial Layer Permeability and Nitric Oxide Production","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9154295","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9154295","article-title":"Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Tethered to Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"2022","author":"Panda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16224","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103644","article-title":"SirT3 activates AMPK-related mitochondrial biogenesis and ameliorates sepsis-induced myocardial injury","volume":"12","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2011","article-title":"Adaptive and maladaptive cardiorespiratory responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2","volume":"92","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308531","article-title":"Von Willebrand Factor and ADAMTS13: Too Much or Too Little of a Good Thing?","volume":"36","author":"Emmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Dur\u00e1n, E., Garc\u00eda-Galindo, J.J., L\u00f3pez-Murillo, L.D., Huerta-Huerta, A., Balleza-Alejandri, L.R., Beltr\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez, A., Anaya-Ambriz, E.J., and Su\u00e1rez-Rico, D.O. (2025). Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers: A Review of Their Interplay, Clinical Implications, and Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041773"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00780-y","article-title":"Impact of intracellular innate immune receptors on immunometabolism","volume":"19","author":"Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9783","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07474-2","article-title":"Immune cell metabolism and metabolic reprogramming","volume":"49","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13312","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13312","article-title":"Human platelet lysate-derived extracellular vesicles enhance angiogenesis through miR-126","volume":"55","author":"Bordin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muttiah, B., Ng, S.L., Lokanathan, Y., Ng, M.H., and Law, J.X. (2024). Beyond Blood Clotting: The Many Roles of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081850"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-017-0958-5","article-title":"Generating pulsatility by pump speed modulation with continuous-flow total artificial heart in awake calves","volume":"20","author":"Fukamachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14237","article-title":"Pulsatility hemodynamics during speed modulation of continuous-flow total artificial heart in a chronic in vivo model","volume":"46","author":"Kuroda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00053.2021","article-title":"Vascular mechanotransduction","volume":"103","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e11-09-0811","article-title":"Nitric oxide-dependent Src activation and resultant caveolin-1 phosphorylation promote eNOS\/caveolin-1 binding and eNOS inhibition","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-397430","article-title":"ICAM-1-activated Src and eNOS signaling increase endothelial cell surface PECAM-1 adhesivity and neutrophil transmigration","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Zhao, Y., Qian, X., Feng, R., and Qian, J. (2026). Pathological mechanisms and clinical research progress of endothelial dysfunction. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2026.1749548"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.325762","article-title":"Molecular Mediators of the Cardiac Benefits of Exercise","volume":"137","author":"Khetarpal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa243","article-title":"A neurohumoral activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in endothelial dysfunction modulating immunity in heart failure","volume":"117","author":"Perrotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025031558","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor deficiency impairs angiogenesis via angiopoietin-2: Relevance for gut angiodysplasia","volume":"147","author":"Smith","year":"2026","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13551","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor and angiogenesis: Basic and applied issues","volume":"15","author":"Randi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06772-0","article-title":"Transforming heart transplantation care with multi-omics insights","volume":"23","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6650\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:33:55Z","timestamp":1785299635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":238,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156650","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]}}}