{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:59:45Z","timestamp":1785214785952,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"FONDEF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ID24l10152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID24l10152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biosurfactants are sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived surfactants, yet their industrial application is often constrained by production costs and process efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate biosurfactant production by the psychrotolerant Antarctic bacterium Streptomyces luridus So3.2 using low-cost recycled frying oils under mild cultivation conditions and to validate the process in stirred-tank bioreactors. Cultivation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), and the same optimized pH and carbon source concentration were subsequently applied in stirred-tank reactors at laboratory scales of 2 L and 20 L, while aeration (0, 0.5 and 0.9 vvm) and agitation speed (100, 150, and 200 rpm) were evaluated as reactor-operational variables. Filtered and centrifuged recycled frying oil yielded the highest biosurfactant performance (emulsification indices exceeding 80%, enhanced oil displacement, and surface tension values below 40 mN m\u22121) compared to commercial oils. Biosurfactant production was growth-associated, with detectable surface activity within the first 24 h. RSM identified optimal cultivation parameters at pH 8.0, 3% (w\/v) inoculum, and 2% (w\/v) oil concentration. The biosurfactant exhibited a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 29 mg L\u22121 and a critical micelle dilution (CMD) of 43.2, yielding an estimated broth concentration of 1.25 g L\u22121. At the 2 L reactor scale, moderate aeration (0.5 vvm) combined with intermediate agitation (150 rpm) preserved high surface activity, yielding emulsification indices above 83%, oil displacement halos of 12.5 cm, and surface tension values as low as 35.5 mN m\u22121. This performance was also maintained during validation at 20 L. FTIR and TLC analyses indicated lipid- and peptide-associated functional groups. These findings were further complemented by HPLC, MALDI-TOF MS and genome-mining analyses (antiSMASH), revealing a complex molecular profile and multiple NRPS\/NRPS-like biosynthetic gene clusters, supporting the interpretation of the recovered product as a putative lipopeptide-associated surface-active extract. Overall, this work demonstrates the feasibility of producing a biosurfactant-associated surface-active extract from recycled frying oils using S. luridus So3.2 under mild conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:47:41Z","timestamp":1785145661000},"page":"6672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Production of Biosurfactant by Streptomyces luridus So3.2 Using Commercial and Recycled Frying Oils in a Stirred-Tank Bioreactor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0490-6945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Lamilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco 7 Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Troncoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8045-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Cisterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8195-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Hermosilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9494-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Cristina","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2624-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Schalchli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7058-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Brice\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Rubilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoen.2024.212974","article-title":"Screening of sustainable biosurfactant produced by indigenous bacteria isolated from Egyptian oil fields for microbial enhanced oil recovery","volume":"239","author":"Raouf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geoenergy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.05.001","article-title":"Synthesis of environment friendly biosurfactants and characterization of interfacial properties for cosmetic and household products formulations","volume":"536","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adu, S.A., Naughton, P.J., Marchant, R., and Banat, I.M. (2020). Microbial Biosurfactants in Cosmetic and Personal Skincare Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111099"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimek-Szczykutowicz, M., B\u0142o\u0144ska-Sikora, E.M., Kulik-Siarek, K., Zhussupova, A., and Wrzosek, M. (2024). Bioferments and Biosurfactants as New Products with Potential Use in the Cosmetic Industry. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14093902"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moldes, A.B., Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez, L., Rinc\u00f3n-Font\u00e1n, M., L\u00f3pez-Prieto, A., Vecino, X., and Cruz, J.M. (2021). Synthetic and Bio-Derived Surfactants Versus Microbial Biosurfactants in the Cosmetic Industry: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052371"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu\u010durovi\u0107, D., Baji\u0107, B., Trivunovi\u0107, Z., Dodi\u0107, J., Zeljko, M., Jevti\u0107-Mu\u010dibabi\u0107, R., and Dodi\u0107, S. (2024). Biotechnological Utilization of Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products\u2014Sustainable Production of Biosurfactants. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050711"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liepi\u0146\u0161, J., B\u0101li\u0146a, K., Soloha, R., Berzina, I., Lukasa, L., and Dace, E. (2021). Glycolipid Biosurfactant Production from Waste Cooking Oils by Yeast: Review of Substrates, Producers and Products. Fermentation, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation7030136"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundaram, T., Govindarajan, R., Vinayagam, S., Krishnan, V., Nagarajan, S., Gnanasekaran, G., Baek, K., and Sekar, S. (2024). Advancements in biosurfactant production using agro-industrial waste for industrial and environmental applications. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1357302"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of biosurfactant using waste from oil processing industry as substrate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424)","volume":"12","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103095","article-title":"Oily waste to biosurfactant: A path towards carbon neutrality and environmental sustainability","volume":"30","author":"Gautam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Feo, G., Ferrara, C., Giordano, L., and Oss\u00e8o, L.S. (2023). Assessment of Three Recycling Pathways for Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock in the Production of Biodiesel, Biolubricant, and Biosurfactant: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach. Recycling, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0571.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciesielski, S., Stefa\u0144ska, W., Singh, K., and Wielgus, E. (2025). Synthesis of Lipopeptides Using Vegetable Oils by Newly Isolated Strain of Serratia marcescens G8-1: Genomic Characterization and Process Performance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125794"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dini, S., Bekhit, A., Roohinejad, S., Vale, J., and Agyei, D. (2024). The Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Biosurfactants: A Review. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112544"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-006-0345-6","article-title":"Biosurfactant Production by Antarctic Facultative Anaerobe Pantoea sp. During Growth on Hydrocarbons","volume":"54","author":"Gesheva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i13.35593","article-title":"Production of biosurfactants by bacteria collected in soil contaminated by diesel oil on the Antarctic Continent","volume":"11","author":"Machado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamilla, C., Braga, D., Castro, R., Guimar\u00e3es, C., V. A. de Castilho, L., Freire, D., and Barrientos, L. (2018). Streptomyces luridus So3.2 from Antarctic soil as a novel producer of compounds with bioemulsification potential. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196054"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300585","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202300585","article-title":"Screening biosurfactant-producing actinomycetes: Identification of Streptomyces sp. RP1 as a potent species for bioremediation","volume":"64","author":"Ayoib","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Basic. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32217-0","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility and sustainability of a surfactin production process: A techno-economic and environmental analysis","volume":"32","author":"Treinen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Poll. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00156-9","article-title":"Secondary metabolites and biodiversity of actinomycetes","volume":"19","author":"Selim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-shaibani, M.M., Radin, R.M.S., Sidik, N.M., Enshasy, H.A.E., Al-Gheethi, A., Noman, E., Al-Mekhlafi, N.A., and Zin, N.M. (2021). Biodiversity of Secondary Metabolites Compounds Isolated from Phylum Actinobacteria and Its Therapeutic Applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154504"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12523","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150712523","article-title":"Applications of Biosurfactants in the Petroleum Industry and the Remediation of Oil Spills","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blesken, C., Bator, I., Eberlein, C., Heipieper, H., Tiso, T., and Blank, L. (2020). Genetic Cell-Surface Modification for Optimized Foam Fractionation. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.572892"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-025-03224-3","article-title":"Optimizing rhamnolipid bio-surfactant production in a bioreactor using waste glycerol","volume":"48","author":"Mahamad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13704","article-title":"Microbial biosurfactant research: Time to improve the rigour in the reporting of synthesis, functional characterization and process development","volume":"14","author":"Twigg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi-Ashtiani, H.R., Baldisserotto, A., Cesa, E., Manfredini, S., Sedghi, H., Ghafori, M., Khanahmadi, M., Zakizadeh, S., Buso, P., and Vertuani, S. (2020). Microbial Biosurfactants as Key Multifunctional Ingredients for Sustainable Cosmetics. Cosmetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics7020046"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/jsde.12779","article-title":"The upcycling of waste frying oil and the effect on sophorolipid productivity","volume":"27","author":"Ichizaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Surfactants Deterg. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126059","article-title":"Production of biosurfactants from agro-industrial waste and waste cooking oil in a circular bioeconomy: An overview","volume":"343","author":"Gaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.030","article-title":"Effect of unconventional carbon sources on biosurfactant production and its application in bioremediation","volume":"62","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, K., Iacob, B., Bodoki, E., and Oprean, R. (2024). Investigating the Thermal Stability of Omega Fatty Acid-Enriched Vegetable Oils. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182961"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrante-Pascual, S., Nieva-Echevarr\u00eda, B., and Goicoechea-Oses, E. (2024). Vegetable Oils and Their Use for Frying: A Review of Their Compositional Differences and Degradation. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13244186"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Md Badrul Hisham, N.H., Ibrahim, M.F., Ramli, N., and Abd-Aziz, S. (2019). Production of Biosurfactant Produced from Used Cooking Oil by Bacillus sp. HIP3 for Heavy Metals Removal. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142617"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2019.1704602","article-title":"Microbial valorization of waste cooking oils for valuable compounds production\u2014A review","volume":"50","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-023-02128-9","article-title":"Characterization of trehalolipid biosurfactant produced by the novel marine strain Rhodococcus sp. SP1d and its potential for environmental applications","volume":"22","author":"Andreolli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.56899\/150.01.01","article-title":"Biosurfactant Production by Streptomyces sp. CGS B11 Using Molasses and Spent Yeast Medium","volume":"150","author":"Jimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philipp. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.111572","article-title":"Production and characterization of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C11 for enhancing the solubility of pesticides","volume":"11","author":"Schalchli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2022.12.007","article-title":"Enhanced production of biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis RSL2 in semicontinuous bioreactor utilizing molasses as a sole substrate","volume":"20","author":"Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardhi, D., Panchal, R., Raval, V., Joshi, R., Poczai, P., Almalki, W., and Rajput, K. (2022). Microbial surfactants: A journey from fundamentals to recent advances. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.982603"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12365","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2074621","article-title":"Microbial biosurfactants: A review of recent environmental applications","volume":"13","author":"Font","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, P.F.F., da Silva, R.R., Sarubbo, L.A., and Guerra, J.M.C. (2024). Production and Optimization of Biosurfactant Properties Using Candida mogii and Licuri Oil (Syagrus coronata). Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13244029"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22150","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c02194","article-title":"Structural Diversity of the Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Produced by a Newly Isolated Strain, Geobacillus thermodenitrifcans ME63","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02018","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/202410002018","article-title":"Oil dispersion characterization of microorganisms producing biosurfactants","volume":"100","author":"Kaiyrmanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"BIO Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sari, C., Hertadi, R., Harahap, A., Ramadhan, M., and Gozan, M. (2020). Process Optimization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent-Based Biosurfactant of Halomonas meridiana BK-AB4 Originated from Bledug Kuwu Mud Volcano in Central Java for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8060716"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2023.108210","article-title":"Lipopeptides development in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"67","author":"Pilz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-021-02606-7","article-title":"Valorization of date juice by the production of lipopeptide biosurfactants by a Bacillus mojavensis BI2 strain: Bioprocess optimization by response surface methodology and study of surface activities","volume":"44","author":"Mnif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioprocess. Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70013","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.70013","article-title":"Effect of High-Speed Shaking on Oxygen Transfer in Shake Flasks","volume":"20","author":"Schulte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-019-1126-9","article-title":"Shake flask methodology for assessing the influence of the maximum oxygen transfer capacity on 2,3-butanediol production","volume":"18","author":"Heyman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, M.F.F., Sobral, P.S., Leite, M.S., Malpiedi, L.P., Pereira, M.M., Soares, C., and Lima, A. (2023). Integrated Process of Biosurfactant Production by Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC-9372 Using an Air-Lift Bioreactor Coupled to a Foam Fraction Column. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9110959"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Han, L.-R., He, H.-W., Sang, B., Yu, D.-L., Feng, J.-T., and Zhang, X. (2018). Effects of Agitation, Aeration and Temperature on Production of a Novel Glycoprotein GP-1 by Streptomyces kanasenisi ZX01 and Scale-Up Based on Volumetric Oxygen Transfer Coefficient. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010125"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalcanti, A.P.B., de Ara\u00fajo, G.P., Bezerra, K.G.d.O., de Almeida, F.C.G., da Silva, M.d.G.C., Sarubbo, A., da Silva J\u00fanior, C.J.G., Soares da Silva, R.d.C.F., and Sarubbo, L.A. (2025). Production of a Biosurfactant for Application in the Cosmetics Industry. Fermentation, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11080451"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harahap, A., Treinen, C., Zyl, L., Williams, W., Conrad, J., Pfannstiel, J., Klaiber, I., Grether, J., Hiller, E., and Vahidinasab, M. (2025). Glucoselipid Biosurfactant Biosynthesis Operon of Rouxiella badensis DSM 100043T: Screening, Identification, and Heterologous Expression in Escherichia coli. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071664"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108377","article-title":"Biosurfactants: Production, properties, applications, trends, and general perspectives","volume":"181","author":"Sarubbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127518","article-title":"Structural diversity and applications of lipopeptide biosurfactants as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens: A review","volume":"278","author":"Sani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.114549","article-title":"Biodegradation and high-value utilization of waste cooking oil: Strategies and mechanisms for producing lipopeptide biosurfactants using Bacillus subtilis YZQ-2","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(00)00124-4","article-title":"A study on the structure-function relationship of lipopeptide biosurfactants","volume":"1488","author":"Morikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.02.026","article-title":"Biofilm inhibition and antimicrobial action of lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by heavy metal tolerant strain Bacillus cereus NK1","volume":"85","author":"Sriram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12069","article-title":"Production and characterization of rhamnolipid biosurfactant from waste frying coconut oil using a novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa D","volume":"114","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-023-01660-z","article-title":"Evaluation of surface activity of rhamnolipid biosurfactants produced from rice bran oil through dynamic surface tension","volume":"13","author":"Safari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0363-8","article-title":"Characterisation and antimicrobial activity of biosurfactant extracts produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a wastewater treatment plant","volume":"7","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"101535","article-title":"Analytical methods for biosurfactant characterization and quantification","volume":"8","author":"Moldes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamilla, C., Schalchli, H., Brice\u00f1o, G., Leiva, B., Donoso-Pi\u00f1ol, P., Barrientos, L., Rocha, V., Freire, D., and Diez, M.C. (2021). A pesticide biopurification system: A source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria with environmental biotechnology applications. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11040624"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W46","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad344","article-title":"antiSMASH 7.0: New and improved predictions for detection, regulation, chemical structures and visualisation","volume":"51","author":"Blin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:17:30Z","timestamp":1785212250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]}}}