{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:53:45Z","timestamp":1785434025373,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UPO","award":["Fondi di Ricerca di Ateneo (FAR-2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondi di Ricerca di Ateneo (FAR-2017)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ehyh486","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU\u2014MUR"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Next Generation EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP B83C22004800006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83C22004800006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Probiotical Research S.r.l."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral disease associated with immune dysregulation and malignant transformation risk. Vitamin D and probiotics may modulate immune and microbial pathways involved in OLP. In this study, we evaluated their effects on clinical outcomes and multi-omics profiles in 25 adult OLP patients (median age: 68 years). Vitamin D-deficient patients received 2000 IU\/day vitamin D3, and all participants received a probiotic blend (Limosilactobacillus reuteri LRE11, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR04, and Lacticaseibacillus casei LC04) for 16 weeks. Clinical assessments and analyses of saliva, serum, oral swabs, and stool samples were performed before and after treatment. Clinical outcomes improved significantly, with reductions in lesion number (p &lt; 0.001), lesion size (p = 0.004), and bleeding lesions (p = 0.014); 76% of patients were classified as in remission. Vitamin D levels increased significantly among deficient patients receiving correction (p &lt; 0.01). Salivary and fecal metabolomics showed significant remodeling of amino acid and carbohydrate pathways, including decreases in branched-chain amino acids in saliva and modulation of nicotinamide- and amino acid-related metabolites in feces. Microbiome \u03b1-diversity remained stable, whereas \u03b2-diversity shifted significantly across oral and fecal sites, with enrichment of Lacticaseibacillus and other context-dependent commensals. Multi-omics integration identified three latent factors linking salivary cytokines, microbial taxa, metabolites, and systemic lipid profiles, suggesting coordinated mucosal\u2013metabolic\u2013immune remodeling across the oral\u2013gut axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:08:14Z","timestamp":1785161294000},"page":"6707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Probiotics and Vitamin D Deficiency Correction on Clinical, Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Microbiota Profiles in Older Adults with Oral Lichen Planus: A Multi-Omics Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Zanetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Calgaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Mellai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Genomics Core Facility, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Vignoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Marotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odontostomatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) \u201cMaggiore della Carita\u201d, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9571-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Vitulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie, 15, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6438-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Tenori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cUgo Schiff\u201d, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Mass Spectrometry, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elettra","family":"Barberis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DISIT), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1627-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Migliario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odontostomatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) \u201cMaggiore della Carita\u201d, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1243-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Armari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8210-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Caneparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Technologies Core Facility, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8090-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diletta Francesca","family":"Squarzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Allesina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Genomics Core Facility, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, 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(UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13323","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.07.002","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus Is a Unique Disease Model for Studying Chronic Inflammation and Oral Cancer","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. 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