{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:00:07Z","timestamp":1785301207827,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues and alveolar bone. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory responses via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors (EP1\u20134). Non-invasive physical plasma (NIPP) has been shown to modulate cellular activity and exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the impact of NIPP on inflammation- and apoptosis-related molecules, including COX-2, EP2-EP4, Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF-1), Caspase (CASP)-3, and CASP-9, IL-10 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLC) under normal and inflammatory conditions. After exposure of hPDLC to IL-1\u03b2 to mimic inflammation in vitro, cells were treated with NIPP. Gene expression was analysed 24 h post-treatment by quantitative RT-PCR. Protein levels were assessed by ELISA. NIPP significantly inhibited IL-1\u03b2-induced upregulation of COX-2, EP2 and EP4 receptors, and APAF-1 mRNA expression in hPDLCs after 24 h. At the protein level, IL-1\u03b2-induced expression of COX-2, IL-6 and IL-8 was effectively attenuated by NIPP treatment. In conclusion, our data suggest that NIPP may modulate inflammatory responses in hPDLC, indicating its potential as a promising adjunctive approach for the treatment of periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:08:14Z","timestamp":1785161294000},"page":"6709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-Invasive Physical Plasma Regulates COX-2 via EP2\/EP4 Expression in Periodontal Ligament Cells Under Inflammatory Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4274-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Eggers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Kharroubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Marciniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svenja","family":"Beisel-Memmert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt, Carolinum, Department of Orthodontics, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8103-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Deschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz-Josef","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias Bernhard","family":"Stope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjan","family":"Nokhbehsaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13769","article-title":"Prevalence of Periodontitis in Dentate People between 2011 and 2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies","volume":"50","author":"Trindade","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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