{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:29:34Z","timestamp":1785432574991,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["377"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016f61126","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Structural remodeling of the left atrium, particularly myocardial fibrosis, plays a key role in AF pathogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical regulators of extracellular matrix remodeling and may contribute to atrial fibrosis through genetic variation. This case\u2013control study included 179 patients with AF and 56 controls. Eight polymorphisms across five MMP genes (MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP12) were analyzed using PCR-based methods. Associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), AF susceptibility, recurrence, haplotypes, and gene\u2013gene interactions were assessed. The study population was ethnically homogeneous (Polish), minimizing population stratification bias. No significant differences in allele frequencies were observed between AF and control groups in univariate analysis. However, multivariable logistic regression revealed significant associations for MMP1 rs1799750 and MMP2 rs243864 under recessive inheritance models. Haplotype analysis demonstrated a significant global association with AF (p = 0.027), with specific haplotypes showing markedly increased risk. Multifactor dimensionality reduction identified significant gene\u2013gene interactions, particularly involving SNPs in MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP12. These findings support a polygenic model of AF susceptibility involving extracellular matrix remodeling pathways and highlight the importance of multi-locus genetic analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:08:14Z","timestamp":1785161294000},"page":"6710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Association Between Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, -2, -3, -9, and -12 Gene Polymorphisms and Atrial Fibrillation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"B\u0142aszczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2738-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sawonik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Korona-G\u0142owniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wysocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Internal Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1783-0055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Czuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9366-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u015awistowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olgierd","family":"Kr\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Kocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Wysoki\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"G\u0142owniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, University Centre of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux274","article-title":"HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS\/APHRS\/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial 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