{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:19:01Z","timestamp":1785403141978,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009383","name":"Tzu Chi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCMRC-P-111009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMRC-P-111009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009383","name":"Tzu Chi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCMRC-P-112013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMRC-P-112013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCMRC-P-111009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMRC-P-111009"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ss1bw11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCMRC-P-112013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMRC-P-112013"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ss1bw11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Tzu Chi Foundation of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCU-11105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCU-11105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCU-11105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCU-11105"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022mrwt29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022298","name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TCRD111-090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD111-090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022298","name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TCRD112-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD112-045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCMF-JCT111-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-JCT111-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCMF-JCT112-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-JCT112-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCMF-JCT111-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-JCT111-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04rbvc675","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCMF-JCT112-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-JCT112-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04rbvc675","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is characterized by the rapid proliferation of keratinocytes, leading to erythematous plaques with silvery scales, skin pain, and impaired quality of life. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising treatment modality for various skin disorders, including psoriasis. Curcumin, a natural photosensitizer, possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of synthetic curcuminoids combined with blue-light-mediated PDT for psoriasis treatment using human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. MTT assays demonstrated that the synthetic curcuminoids (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (No. 11) and (1E,6E)-1,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (No. 12) exhibited minimal cytotoxicity toward HaCaT cells. Upon ultraviolet\u2013visible light irradiation, curcuminoid-treated cells generated intracellular reactive oxygen species, confirming the photodynamic activity induced by blue light exposure. Treatment with synthetic curcuminoids significantly suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A\/F and IL-8 in imiquimod-stimulated HaCaT cells, a commonly used psoriasis-like inflammatory model, indicating notable anti-inflammatory effects. Western blot analysis further revealed an increased Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio in cells treated with synthetic curcuminoids No. 11 or No. 12 under photodynamic irradiation, suggesting the induction of apoptosis. Synthetic curcuminoids combined with blue-light PDT may represent a promising and cost-effective strategy for psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:11:56Z","timestamp":1785168716000},"page":"6716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthetic Curcuminoids Combined with Blue-Light-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Potential Mechanism on Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Proliferation of Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee-Fong","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chang","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Jia","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Lun","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anren","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9148-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Jen","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.690","article-title":"Association analyses identify six new psoriasis susceptibility loci in the Chinese population","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2827","article-title":"A large-scale screen for coding variants predisposing to psoriasis","volume":"46","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15382","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15382","article-title":"Large scale meta-analysis characterizes genetic architecture for common psoriasis associated variants","volume":"8","author":"Tsoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a015354","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a015354","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"4","author":"Villanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Sch\u00e4kel, K. (2019). Psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05663","article-title":"Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis","volume":"445","author":"Lowes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2013.811034","article-title":"Rationale and early clinical data on IL-17 blockade in psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Nwe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S240891","article-title":"The role of IL-17 cytokines in psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Mosca","year":"2021","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palazzo, E., Lotti, R., Quadri, M., Pincelli, C., and Marconi, A. (2025). IL-17 ligand and receptor family members are differentially expressed by keratinocyte subpopulations and modulate their differentiation and inflammatory phenotype. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072989"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Discordant expression of Bcl-x and Bcl-2 by keratinocytes in vitro and psoriatic keratinocytes in vivo","volume":"146","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.10.004","article-title":"Induced keratinocyte hyper-proliferation in alpha2beta1 integrin transgenic mice results in systemic immune cell activation","volume":"10","author":"Teige","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000018471","article-title":"Cell-kinetic evidence for increased recruitment of cycling epidermal cells in psoriasis: The ratio of histone and Ki-67 antigen expression is constant","volume":"201","author":"Castelijns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm042","article-title":"Simulating psoriasis by altering transit amplifying cells","volume":"23","author":"Grabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.134","article-title":"Keratinocyte apoptosis in epidermal remodeling and clearance of psoriasis induced by UV radiation","volume":"131","author":"Weatherhead","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2016.09.016","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: Inception to application in breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102952","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy, a promising treatment approach for cutaneous infectious granulomas","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mytych, W., Bartusik-Aebisher, D., \u0141o\u015b, A., Dynarowicz, K., My\u015bliwiec, A., and Aebisher, D. (2024). Photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25041958"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.049","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy\u2014Mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations","volume":"106","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"250","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25912","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161025912","article-title":"Combined treatments with photodynamic therapy for non-melanoma skin cancer","volume":"16","author":"Lucena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"894","article-title":"Cutaneous infections caused by atypical mycobacteria","volume":"38","author":"Grosshans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Prat."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000500026","article-title":"Biological activities of Curcuma longa L.","volume":"96","author":"Leon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.08.016","article-title":"Curcumin as \u201cCurecumin\u201d: From kitchen to clinic","volume":"75","author":"Goel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.03.010","article-title":"Optimization of microwave, ultra-sonic and supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction techniques for curcumin from Curcuma longa","volume":"79","author":"Wakte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190618122024","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of psoriasis using photosensitizers of vegetable origin","volume":"25","author":"Bruschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.05.005","article-title":"Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives\u2014A review","volume":"7","author":"Amalraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2021.15","article-title":"Blue light photodynamic therapy with curcumin and riboflavin in the management of periodontitis: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Etemadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, S.-J., Hong, Y.-A., Lin, K.-Y., Hua, Y.-W., Kuo, C.-J., Hu, A., Shih, T.-L., and Chen, H.-P. (2020). Efficient photodynamic killing of Gram-positive bacteria by synthetic curcuminoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239024"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"64","article-title":"Protective effect of hydroxytyrosol against acrylamide-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in HepG2 cells","volume":"664","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(81)90281-5","article-title":"\u201cWestern blotting\u201d: Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate\u2014Polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A","volume":"112","author":"Burnette","year":"1981","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.06.010","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.07.040","article-title":"Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in differentiated Human keratinocytes: Its evaluation using curcumin","volume":"813","author":"Varma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174431","article-title":"Curcumin alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in progranulin-knockout mice","volume":"909","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayego-Mateos, S., Morgado-Pascual, J.L., Opazo-R\u00edos, L., Guerrero-Hue, M., Garc\u00eda-Caballero, C., V\u00e1zquez-Carballo, C., Mas, S., Sanz, A.B., Herencia, C., and Mezzano, S. (2020). Pathogenic pathways and therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113798"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15983","article-title":"Allicin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation via disturbing the interaction of keratinocytes with IL-17A","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112567","article-title":"Curcumin combined with photodynamic therapy, promising therapies for the treatment of cancer","volume":"146","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furue, M., Furue, K., Tsuji, G., and Nakahara, T. (2020). Interleukin-17A and keratinocytes in psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041275"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, M., Nowak, M., Lazebna, A., Wi\u0119cek, K., Jab\u0142o\u0144ska, I., Szpadel, K., Grzeszczak, A., Gubernator, J., and Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski, P. (2021). The comparison of in vitro photosensitizing efficacy of curcumin-loaded liposomes following photodynamic therapy on melanoma MUG-Mel2, squamous cell carcinoma SCC-25, and normal keratinocyte HaCaT Cells. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040374"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.01.013","article-title":"Curcumin shows excellent therapeutic effect on psoriasis in mouse model","volume":"123","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804595","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"361","author":"Nestle","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8702-3","article-title":"The immunologic role of IL-17 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis pathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106210","article-title":"The role of JAK\/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases","volume":"80","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2586","article-title":"Structure and signalling in the IL-17 receptor family","volume":"9","author":"Gaffen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S327378","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2010.00507.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: State-of-the-art","volume":"26","author":"Babilas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16044","article-title":"European dermatology Forum guidelines on topical photodynamic therapy 2019 part 2: Emerging indications\u2014Field cancerization, photorejuvenation and inflammatory\/infective dermatoses","volume":"34","author":"Morton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.12.050","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: Clinical applications in dermatology","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04773-5","article-title":"Efficacy of 450-nm blue laser-mediated aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for plaque psoriasis: A prospective self-controlled clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Tuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melero, M., D\u00edaz, U., Llabr\u00e9s, I., and Xamena, F.X. (2024). Thiophene-Based Covalent Triazine Frameworks as Visible-Light-Driven Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for the Oxidative Coupling of Amines. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29071637"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alc\u00e1zar, J.J. (2024). Thiophene Stability in Photodynamic Therapy: A Mathematical Model Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052528"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Nagarajan, A., and Uchil, P.D. (2018). Analysis of cell viability by the MTT assay. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., 2018.","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot095505"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grenier, A., Legault, J., Pichette, A., Jean, L., B\u00e9langer, A., and Pouliot, R. (2021). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging potential of a Kalmia angustifolia extract and identification of some major compounds. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091373"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:22:57Z","timestamp":1785385377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156716","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}