{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:10:59Z","timestamp":1785424259617,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014890","name":"Qilu University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZDZX14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZDZX14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025ZDZX14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZDZX14"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04hyzq608","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2023MC052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MC052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inonotus hispidus is a medicinal mushroom that produces polysaccharides with potential biological activities. In this study, polysaccharides obtained from fruiting bodies (IH-F) and submerged fermentation broth (IH-L) of I. hispidus LQ-1 were compared. IH-F was composed of D-galactose (36.07%), L-fucose (17.22%), D-mannose (15.48%), D-glucose (9.78%), D-arabinose (9.43%), D-xylose (7.29%), glucuronic acid (3.32%), D-galacturonic acid (1.02%), and ribose (0.38%), whereas IH-L was mainly composed of D-glucose (58.15%) and D-galactose (23.19%). In the zebrafish oxidative injury model, IH-F showed antioxidant protection rates of 7.19%, 27.50%, and 41.70% at 250, 500, and 1000 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively, while IH-L showed protection rates of 26.46%, 28.33%, and 43.59% at 25, 50, and 100 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. In the CuSO4-induced inflammation model, the highest anti-inflammatory protection rates of IH-F and IH-L were 27.82% and 47.72%, respectively. Both polysaccharides promoted the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mildly inhibited A549 cell proliferation in vitro. These findings suggest that I. hispidus polysaccharides may have potential as functional ingredients, although further structural and mechanistic studies are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:55:41Z","timestamp":1785225341000},"page":"6724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Biological Activities of Inonotus hispidus Polysaccharides by Solid-State and Submerged Cultures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c06822","article-title":"Phenolic and Steroidal Metabolites from the Cultivated Edible Inonotus hispidus Mushroom and Their Bioactivities","volume":"69","author":"Kou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Feng, X., Liu, C., Gao, J., and Qi, J. (2022). Diverse Metabolites and Pharmacological Effects from the Basidiomycetes Inonotus hispidus. Antibiotics, 11, Correction in Antibiotics\u00a02022, 11, 1671.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111671"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Li, S., Qu, Y., Li, L., Li, Y., and Wang, D. (2022). Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effects of Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst. Spore Powder through Regulation of Gut Microbiota-Mediated JAK\/STAT Signaling. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163299"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Hao, J., Liu, Z., Li, Z., Teng, L., and Wang, D. (2022). Inonotus hispidus Protects against Hyperlipidemia by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through Nrf2\/NF-\u03baB Signaling in High Fat Diet Fed Mice. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173477"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.069","article-title":"Extraction, characterization and antioxidant activity analysis of the polysaccharide from the solid-state fermentation substrate of Inonotus hispidus","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.011","article-title":"Purification and characterization of Inonotus hispidus exopolysaccharide and its protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.018","article-title":"Isolation and structure elucidation of polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of mushroom Coriolus versicolor and evaluation of their immunomodulatory effects","volume":"166","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.117","article-title":"Structure, bioactivities and applications of the polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis mushroom: A review","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.10.051","article-title":"D-glucans from edible mushrooms: A review on the extraction, purification and chemical characterization approaches","volume":"117","author":"Ruthes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00678C","article-title":"The structure of mushroom polysaccharides and their beneficial role in health","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2018.03274","article-title":"Investigation of the Polyphenol Composition, Biological Activities, and Detoxification Properties of Some Medicinal Mushrooms from Turkey","volume":"16","author":"Shomali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S., Jin, L., Lei, P., Shao, C., Wu, S., Yang, Y., He, Y., Ren, R., and Xu, J. (2022). Whole-genome assembly and analysis of a medicinal fungus: Inonotus hispidus. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.967135"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R.Q., Feng, X.L., Wang, Z.X., Xie, T.C., Duan, Y., Liu, C., Gao, J.M., and Qi, J. (2022). Genomic and Metabolomic Analyses of the Medicinal Fungus Inonotus hispidus for Its Metabolite\u2019s Biosynthesis and Medicinal Application. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8121245"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18631-9","article-title":"The regular pattern of metabolite changes in mushroom Inonotus hispidus in different growth periods and exploration of their indicator compounds","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129187","article-title":"Structural characterization, chain conformation and immunomodulatory activity of a heteropolysaccharide from Inonotus hispidus","volume":"260","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138975","article-title":"Structural characterization of polysaccharide isolated from Inonotus hispidus and its anti-obesity effect based on regulation of the interleukin-17-mediated inflammatory response","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-010-0328-3","article-title":"Biotechnology of morel mushrooms: Successful fruiting body formation and development in a soilless system","volume":"32","author":"Masaphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2004.12.001","article-title":"Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format","volume":"339","author":"Masuko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129608","article-title":"Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the structural, rheological, and functional properties of mulberry leaf polysaccharide","volume":"355","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.02.031","article-title":"Structural study of the fulvic fraction during composting of activated sludge-plant matter: Elemental analysis, FTIR and 13C NMR","volume":"99","author":"Jouraiphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.191","article-title":"Biotechnological production, characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from a native strain of Lentinus crinitus","volume":"164","author":"Alzate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.131","article-title":"Comparative study on the effect of extraction solvent on the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of blackberry fruit polysaccharides","volume":"183","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.03.012","article-title":"Effect of dietary fibre polysaccharides on structure and thermal properties of gluten proteins\u2014A study on gluten dough with application of FT-Raman spectroscopy, TGA and DSC","volume":"69","author":"Nawrocka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.F., Chu, C.Y., Chen, T.H., Lee, S.J., Shen, C.N., and Hsiao, C.D. (2011). Establishment of a transgenic zebrafish line for superficial skin ablation and functional validation of apoptosis modulators in vivo. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020654"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103226","article-title":"Chemical constituents from Alismatis Rhizoma and their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-6-84","article-title":"Growth and fermentation of D-xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing a novel D-xylose isomerase originating from the bacterium Prevotella ruminicola TC2-24","volume":"6","author":"Hector","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2020001","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its industrial applications","volume":"6","author":"Parapouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, Y.A., El-Naggar, M.E., Abdel-Megeed, A., and El-Newehy, M. (2021). Recent Advancements in Microbial Polysaccharides: Synthesis and Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234136"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02171J","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota modulatory effects of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) polysaccharides in a colorectal cancer mouse model","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.July.4.2","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from the shell of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino)","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.110","article-title":"Preparation, characteristics and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and proteins-capped selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393","volume":"195","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2021.07.001","article-title":"Developmental toxicity caused by sanguinarine in zebrafish embryos via regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis and wnt pathways","volume":"350","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.315","article-title":"An insight into anti-inflammatory effects of natural polysaccharides","volume":"153","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112583","article-title":"2-Amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline induced oxidative stress and inflammation via TLR4\/MAPK and TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers","volume":"157","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.061","article-title":"Structural characterization and anti-A549 lung cancer cells bioactivity of a polysaccharide from Houttuynia cordata","volume":"120","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15202","article-title":"A review of the antiviral activity of Chitosan, including patented applications and its potential use against COVID-19","volume":"132","author":"Jaber","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03616-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation and prebiotic properties of polysaccharides from Oudemansiella raphanipes mushroom","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118231","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide modulates gut microbiota and immune cell function to inhibit inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon","volume":"267","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00596K","article-title":"A polysaccharide from natural Cordyceps sinensis regulates the intestinal immunity and gut microbiota in mice with cyclophosphamide-induced intestinal injury","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.07.019","article-title":"Activation of T lymphocytes by polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum L.","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6724\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:26:30Z","timestamp":1785385590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156724","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}