{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:17:40Z","timestamp":1785421060716,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"National Agency for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1241988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1241988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241988"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap3w078","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori is a cholesterol-auxotrophic pathogen capable of internalizing into Candida albicans, where the yeast may serve as a protective intracellular niche under adverse environmental conditions. Because ergosterol is an analog of cholesterol, this study investigated its contribution to the interaction between H. pylori J99 and C. albicans ATCC 90028. Ergosterol was extracted from the wild-type strain ATCC 90028 and from \u0394erg4, \u0394erg5, and \u0394erg6 mutants, identified and quantified by UHPLC-MS\/MS, and evaluated for its effects on bacterial viability, growth, chemotaxis, and intracellular internalization. Ergosterol showed no inhibitory effect on H. pylori viability within the tested concentration range. Ergosterol extracted from C. albicans ATCC 90028 enhanced bacterial growth and induced a rapid positive chemotactic response comparable to that elicited by cholesterol, whereas ergosterol-deficient mutants produced weaker responses. Internalization assays demonstrated that reduced ergosterol availability significantly decreased bacterial entry into yeast cells. These findings identify ergosterol as a key determinant of the H. pylori\u2013C. albicans interaction, supporting the hypothesis that fungal sterols facilitate bacterial chemotaxis and intracellular persistence. This work provides new insights into the molecular basis of bacterial\u2013fungal endosymbiosis and suggests that ergosterol-mediated interactions may contribute to the persistence and transmission of H. pylori.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:45:26Z","timestamp":1785239126000},"page":"6747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ergosterol from Yeasts Promotes Helicobacter pylori Internalization into Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7511-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javiera","family":"Contreras-Orme\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horliany","family":"Neira-K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3785-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessy","family":"Pav\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-9923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Olivares-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6451-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3909-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apolinaria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cancino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Nuevas perspectivas para el tratamiento de la infecci\u00f3n por Helicobacter pylori: New perspectives in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"46","author":"Velasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"ARS MEDICA Rev. Cienc. M\u00e9d."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.05.016","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Burden in the United States According to Individual Demographics and Geography: A Nationwide Analysis of the Veterans Healthcare System","volume":"22","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Pan, X., Wang, Y., Lin, L., Chen, X., Chen, Y., and Ye, H. (2025). Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in urban children aged 6-13 years in Fuzhou, China: A cross-sectional study in a high gastric cancer incidence region. Front. Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1457195"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03793-6","article-title":"Global lifetime estimates of expected and preventable gastric cancers across 185 countries","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications","volume":"16","author":"Goh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12945","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12945","article-title":"Transmission routes and patterns of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"28","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"72","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori, transmission routes and recurrence of infection: State of the art","volume":"89","author":"Kayali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-018-00333-y","article-title":"Potential transmission sources of Helicobacter pylori infection: Detection of H. pylori in various environmental samples","volume":"17","author":"Farhadkhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuppler, M. (2025). On the Role of Food in the Transmission of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Narrative Review. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14244325"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"12176","article-title":"Review of foodborne helicobacteriosis","volume":"13","author":"Almashhadany","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438735","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2438735","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Helicobacter pylori: A paradigm of chronic infection","volume":"16","author":"Clyne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"10551","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Sengar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Wang, Q.L., Cheng, D.D., Xu, W.T., and Lu, N.H. (2016). Adhesion and Invasion of Gastric Mucosa Epithelial Cells by Helicobacter pylori. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00159"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0441-6","article-title":"VacA generates a protective intracellular reservoir for Helicobacter pylori that is eliminated by activation of the lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1","volume":"4","author":"Capurro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00365-08","article-title":"Cholesterol Depletion Reduces Helicobacter pylori CagA Translocation and CagA-Induced Responses in AGS Cells","volume":"76","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0855-y","article-title":"Cholesteryl \u03b1-D-glucoside 6-acyltransferase enhances the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelium","volume":"3","author":"Jan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1480","article-title":"Cholesterol glucosylation promotes immune evasion by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"12","author":"Wunder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-1000","article-title":"Role of lipid rafts in persistent Helicobacter pylori infection: A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34911","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034911","article-title":"Biosynthesis, structure and biological function of cholesterol glucoside in Helicobacter pylori: A review","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuaa060","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa060","article-title":"The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: Current knowledge and new perspectives","volume":"45","author":"Kaune","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WHO (2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, WHO."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhou, X., Liao, B., Zhou, Y., Cheng, L., and Ren, B. (2021). The cross-kingdom interaction between Helicobacter pylori and Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009515"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braksator, J., Kofla-D\u0142ubacz, A., Antosz-Popio\u0142ek, K., Szyller, H., Koga-Batko, J., Wrze\u015bniewska, M., Dyda, M., and Pytrus, T. (2025). Co-Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori and Candida spp. Infections in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13051172"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.03.013","article-title":"Multiple surface interaction mechanisms direct the anchoring, co-aggregation and formation of dual-species biofilm between Candida albicans and Helicobacter pylori","volume":"35","author":"Palencia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"103","article-title":"Candida\u2013Bacteria Interactions: Their Impact on Human Disease","volume":"4","author":"Jayatilake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06160-4","article-title":"Co-culture of Helicobacter pylori with oral microorganisms in human saliva","volume":"29","author":"Scholz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469896","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2025.2469896","article-title":"Polymicrobial interactions of Helicobacter pylori and its role in the process of oral diseases","volume":"17","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i18.5263","article-title":"Vacuoles of Candida yeast as a specialized niche for Helicobacter pylori","volume":"20","author":"Siavoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"624","article-title":"Immunodetection of Helicobacter pylori-specific proteins in oral and gastric Candida yeasts","volume":"16","author":"Saniee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"705","article-title":"Localization of H. pylori within the vacuole of Candida yeast by direct immunofluorescence technique","volume":"16","author":"Saniee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3891","article-title":"Intracellular presence and genetic relationship of Helicobacter pylori within neonates\u2019 fecal yeasts and their mothers\u2019 vaginal yeasts","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo, K., Arellano-Arriagada, L., Castro-Seriche, S., Parra-Sepulveda, C., Bernasconi, H., Benavidez-Hernandez, H., Campos, V.L., S\u00e1ez, K., Smith, C.T., and Garc\u00eda-Cancino, A. (2021). Temperatures Outside the Optimal Range for Helicobacter pylori Increase Its Harboring within Candida Yeast Cells. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10090915"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo, K., Belmar, L., Parra-Sepulveda, C., Bernasconi, H., Campos, V.L., Smith, C.T., S\u00e1ez, K., and Garc\u00eda-Cancino, A. (2021). Antibiotics as a Stressing Factor Triggering the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori J99 within Candida albicans ATCC10231. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030382"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo, K., Parra-Sepulveda, C., Vega, S., Bernasconi, H., Campos, V.L., Smith, C.T., S\u00e1ez, K., and Garc\u00eda-Cancino, A. (2020). In Vitro Incorporation of Helicobacter pylori into Candida albicans Caused by Acidic pH Stress. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060489"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo, K., Silva-Mieres, F., Arellano-Arriagada, L., Parra-Sepulveda, C., Bernasconi, H., Smith, C.T., Campos, V.L., and Garc\u00eda-Cancino, A. (2021). Nutrient Deficiency Promotes the Entry of Helicobacter pylori Cells into Candida Yeast Cells. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050426"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S357473","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Biofilm-Related Drug Resistance and New Developments in Its Anti-Biofilm Agents","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2673-2","article-title":"Outline of the biosynthesis and regulation of ergosterol in yeast","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3390\/stresses4040041","article-title":"Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Regulation Impact the Antifungal Resistance and Virulence of Candida spp.","volume":"4","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stresses"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18575","article-title":"Membrane component ergosterol builds a platform for promoting effector secretion and virulence in Magnaporthe oryzae","volume":"237","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, Q., Yan, L., and Jiang, Y. (2021). The Importance of Vacuolar Ion Homeostasis and Trafficking in Hyphal Development and Virulence in Candida albicans. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.779176"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.120.303623","article-title":"Plasma Membrane Fusion Is Specifically Impacted by the Molecular Structure of Membrane Sterols During Vegetative Development of Neurospora crassa","volume":"216","author":"Weichert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jord\u00e1, T., and Puig, S. (2020). Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11070795"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurst, L.R., and Fratti, R.A. (2020). Lipid Rafts, Sphingolipids, and Ergosterol in Yeast Vacuole Fusion and Maturation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00539"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01031-8","article-title":"Membrane lipid remodeling eradicates Helicobacter pylori by manipulating the cholesteryl 6\u2032-acylglucoside biosynthesis","volume":"31","author":"Ong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1969171","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori cholesterol-\u03b1-glucosyltransferase manipulates cholesterol for bacterial adherence to gastric epithelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Alonzo, K., Arellano-Arriagada, L., Bernasconi, H., Parra-Sepulveda, C., Campos, V.L., Silva-Mieres, F., S\u00e1ez-Carrillo, K., Smith, C.T., and Garc\u00eda-Cancino, A. (2022). An Anaerobic Environment Drives the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori within Candida Yeast Cells. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050738"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.01.029","article-title":"Sequestration inside the yeast vacuole may enhance Helicobacter pylori survival against stressful condition","volume":"69","author":"Siavoshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadu7190","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu7190","article-title":"Structural dissection of ergosterol metabolism reveals a pathway optimized for membrane phase separation","volume":"11","author":"Lopes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01599-w","article-title":"Impact of ERG6 Gene Deletion on Membrane Composition and Properties in the Pathogenic Yeast Candida glabrata","volume":"83","author":"Jacko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, M., Takahashi-Nakaguchi, A., Tejima, K., Sasamoto, K., Yamaguchi, M., Aoyama, T., Nagi, M., Tanabe, K., Miyazaki, Y., and Nakayama, H. (2022). Erg25 Controls Host-Cholesterol Uptake Mediated by Aus1p-Associated Sterol-Rich Membrane Domains in Candida glabrata. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.820675"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04239-14","article-title":"Trafficking through the Late Endosome Significantly Impacts Candida albicans Tolerance of the Azole Antifungals","volume":"59","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2008.08019","article-title":"The Effect of Honokiol on Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Vacuole Function in Candida albicans","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3452","article-title":"The wide-ranging phenotypes of ergosterol biosynthesis mutants, and implications for microbial cell factories","volume":"37","author":"Johnston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914094107","article-title":"Structure of sterol aliphatic chains affects yeast cell shape and cell fusion during mating","volume":"107","author":"Aguilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venegas, M., Barahona, S., Gonz\u00e1lez, A.M., Sep\u00falveda, D., Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, G.E., Baeza, M., Cifuentes, V., and Alca\u00edno, J. (2020). Phenotypic Analysis of Mutants of Ergosterol Biosynthesis Genes (ERG3 and ERG4) in the Red Yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01312"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Zhou, M., Wang, W., Sun, X., Yarden, O., and Li, S. (2018). Abnormal Ergosterol Biosynthesis Activates Transcriptional Responses to Antifungal Azoles. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00009"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00926.x","article-title":"Effects of Cholesterol on Helicobacter pylori Growth and Virulence Properties In Vitro","volume":"17","author":"Rohrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"3447","article-title":"The yeast gene ERG6 is required for normal membrane function but is not essential for biosynthesis of the cell-cycle-sparking sterol","volume":"9","author":"Gaber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-022-1564-7","article-title":"The C-22 sterol desaturase Erg5 is responsible for ergosterol biosynthesis and conidiation in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"60","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50609-1","article-title":"Toxic eburicol accumulation drives the antifungal activity of azoles against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"15","author":"Elsaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01290-4","article-title":"Biochemical characterization and subcellular localization of the sterol C-24(28) reductase, Erg4p, from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"470","author":"Zweytick","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-017-9386-9","article-title":"Unraveling the role of membrane microdomains during microbial infections","volume":"33","author":"Bagam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berson, Y., Khaitlina, S., and Tsaplina, O. (2023). Involvement of Lipid Rafts in the Invasion of Opportunistic Bacteria Serratia into Eukaryotic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109029"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0069OC","article-title":"Lipid-based signaling modulates DNA repair response and survival against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in host cells and in mice","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, R., Wiemer, E.A.C., and Chang, W. (2022). Role of Lipid Rafts in Pathogen-Host Interaction\u2014A Mini Review. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.815020"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-026-00831-7","article-title":"Association of Helicobacter pylori with Candida albicans enhances fungal virulence and stress tolerance","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3332-3337.1999","article-title":"Quantitation of ergosterol content: Novel method for determination of fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans","volume":"37","author":"Jradi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13933","article-title":"Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry is effective for analysis of ergosterol in fungal-infected nails","volume":"44","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.062877-0","article-title":"A supplemented soft agar chemotaxis assay demonstrates the Helicobacter pylori chemotactic response to zinc and nickel","volume":"159","author":"Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6747\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T11:49:26Z","timestamp":1785239366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156747","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}