{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:41:04Z","timestamp":1790667664683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":244,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin functions primarily as a protective physical shield, defending the body against harmful external factors such as invading microorganisms and toxic agents. When this barrier becomes impaired and skin microbiome homeostasis is disturbed, exacerbation of chronic skin diseases may occur, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne. This issue became particularly important during the coronavirus pandemic, when it turned out that handwashing and disinfection removed not only impurities and pathogenic microorganisms but also beneficial components of the skin microbiome. This review provides a critical overview of recent advances in understanding the skin microbiome and its influence on skin health, as well as supportive therapies for the treatment of dermatoses. Contemporary therapeutic approaches focus not only on suppressing inflammatory symptoms but also on modulating the skin microbiome as part of a causal treatment strategy, in which prebiotics and probiotics play a significant role. Moreover, probiotics are also considered a valuable component of anti-aging approaches, as they may help counteract the detrimental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin. By reducing oxidative stress, strengthening the epidermal barrier, and exerting immunomodulatory effects, they may complement traditional photoprotection methods. Nevertheless, further research\u2014particularly into their long-term efficacy and safety\u2014is essential to support their broader clinical and consumer application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:37:00Z","timestamp":1785249420000},"page":"6763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Skin Microbiome in Health and Disease: Dysbiosis and the Emerging Role of Biotics in Therapy and Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"\u0141\u0119tocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Miastkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4867-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg, G., Rybakova, D., Fischer, D., Cernava, T., Verg\u00e8s, M.C.C., Charles, T., Chen, X., Cocolin, L., Eversole, K., and Corral, G.H. (2020). Microbiome Definition Re-Visited: Old Concepts and New Challenges. Microbiome, 8, Correction in Microbiome 2020, 8, 119.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00875-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Grice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260144","article-title":"Dialogue between Skin Microbiota and Immunity","volume":"346","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25177","article-title":"Skin Microbiota-Host Interactions","volume":"553","author":"Fischbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.191320.115","article-title":"The Intersection of Microbiome and Host at the Skin Interface: Genomic- and Metagenomic-Based Insights","volume":"25","author":"Grice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmec.2012.12.003","article-title":"What Lives on Our Skin: Ecology, Genomics and Therapeutic Opportunities of the Skin Microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Scharschmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, \u00c9., Lundqvist, C., and Axelsson, J. (2020). Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 as a Novel Topical Cosmetic Ingredient: A Proof of Concept Clinical Study in Adults with Atopic Dermatitis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071026"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.09.005","article-title":"Functions of the Skin Microbiota in Health and Disease","volume":"25","author":"Stanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0709-3","article-title":"Skin Microbiome Modulation Induced by Probiotic Solutions","volume":"7","author":"Paetzold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00557","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.557","article-title":"Effects of Cosmetics on the Skin Microbiome of Facial Cheeks with Different Hydration Levels","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13310","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13310","article-title":"Consensus of Chinese Experts on Protection of Skin and Mucous Membrane Barrier for Health-Care Workers Fighting against Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Consensus Statement on the Scope and Appropriate Use of the Term Probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12594","article-title":"Revealing the Secret Life of Skin-with the Microbiome You Never Walk Alone","volume":"42","author":"Sfriso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2014). Kosmetyki\u2014Mikrobiologia\u2014Limity Mikrobiologiczne (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 17516:2014-11)."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2009). Regulation (Ec) No 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Off. J. Eur. Union L, 342, 59."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154824","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Natural Products for Skin Applications: Targeting Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Photo-Aging","volume":"115","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16557","article-title":"Dermatological Health in the Light of Skin Microbiome Evolution","volume":"23","author":"Haykal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.11.045","article-title":"Human Skin Is the Largest Epithelial Surface for Interaction with Microbes","volume":"137","author":"Gallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00759-3","article-title":"Probiotics and Prebiotics Potential for the Care of Skin, Female Urogenital Tract, and Respiratory Tract","volume":"65","author":"Bustamante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203070-00001","article-title":"Cosmetics: What Is Their Influence on the Skin Microflora?","volume":"3","author":"Holland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13965","article-title":"Microbiome in Healthy Skin, Update for Dermatologists","volume":"30","author":"Araviiskaia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0109-2","article-title":"Intestinal Microbial Communities Associated with Acute Enteric Infections and Disease Recovery","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.01.016","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01426-7","article-title":"Human Microbiome Myths and Misconceptions","volume":"8","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The Human Skin Microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, H., Wong, A., Chen, X., Sun, W., He, H., Li, X., and Wu, J. (2026). Dynamic Remodeling of Skin Microbiota during Healthy Homeostatic and Wound Repair Conditions. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1781606"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, S.R., Nguyen, M., Vaughn, A.R., Notay, M., Burney, W.A., Sandhu, S., and Sivamani, R.K. (2019). The Skin and Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Common Dermatologic Conditions. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7110550"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouwehand, A.C., Lahtinen, S., and Tiihonen, K. (2017). The Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics for Skin Health. Textbook of Aging Skin, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47398-6_77"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skowron, K., Bauza-Kaszewska, J., Kraszewska, Z., Wiktorczyk-Kapischke, N., Grudlewska-Buda, K., Kwieci\u0144ska-Pir\u00f3g, J., Wa\u0142ecka-Zacharska, E., Radtke, L., and Gospodarek-Komkowska, E. (2021). Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030543"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513002560","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota, Diet and Health","volume":"111","author":"Power","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-017-0160-5","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome: Impact of Modern Environments on Skin Ecology, Barrier Integrity, and Systemic Immune Programming","volume":"10","author":"Prescott","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery Mode Shapes the Acquisition and Structure of the Initial Microbiota across Multiple Body Habitats in Newborns","volume":"107","author":"Costello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12844","article-title":"How Do the Skin Barrier and Microbiome Adapt to the Extra-uterine Environment","volume":"45","author":"Darlenski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4272","article-title":"Maturation of the Infant Microbiome Community Structure and Function across Multiple Body Sites and in Relation to Mode of Delivery","volume":"23","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Human Neonatal Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review","volume":"3","author":"Gritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larralde, M., and Abad, M.E. (2020). Transient Skin Disorders in the Neonate and Young Infant. Harper\u2019s Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119142812.ch6"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pammi, M., O\u2019Brien, J.L., Ajami, N.J., Wong, M.C., Versalovic, J., and Petrosino, J.F. (2017). Development of the Cutaneous Microbiome in the Preterm Infant: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176669"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10659.x","article-title":"Infant Epidermal Skin Physiology: Adaptation after Birth","volume":"166","author":"Fluhr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2015.0642","article-title":"Skin Physiology of the Neonate and Infant: Clinical Implications","volume":"4","author":"Oranges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.168","article-title":"Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome Early in Life","volume":"131","author":"Capone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-024-10609-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): New Perspectives on Their Function in Dermatological Diseases","volume":"30","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.243","article-title":"Selective Antimicrobial Action Is Provided by Phenol-Soluble Modulins Derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis, a Normal Resident of the Skin","volume":"130","author":"Cogen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.153","article-title":"Diet and Host-Microbial Crosstalk in Postnatal Intestinal Immune Homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.49","article-title":"The Human Gut Microbiota: A Dynamic Interplay with the Host from Birth to Senescence Settled during Childhood","volume":"76","author":"Putignani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.038893","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiology in Early Life: Specific Prebiotics Can Have Similar Functionalities as Human-Milk Oligosaccharides","volume":"98","author":"Oozeer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2013.0080","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Gut Microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Musilova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225152","article-title":"Compartmentalized Control of Skin Immunity by Resident Commensals","volume":"337","author":"Naik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.01.004","article-title":"Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis Contributes to Skin Barrier Homeostasis by Generating Protective Ceramides","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg6262","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg6262","article-title":"Commensal Cutibacterium Acnes Induce Epidermal Lipid Synthesis Important for Skin Barrier Function","volume":"9","author":"Almoughrabie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00963-1","article-title":"A Mixed Community of Skin Microbiome Representatives Influences Cutaneous Processes More than Individual Members","volume":"9","author":"Loomis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3, K., Bolla, B.S., Erdei, L., Balogh, F., and Kem\u00e9ny, L. (2023). Are the Cutaneous Microbiota a Guardian of the Skin\u2019s Physical Barrier? The Intricate Relationship between Skin Microbes and Barrier Integrity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115962"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2011.00836.x","article-title":"Microbiology of the Skin and the Role of Biofilms in Infection","volume":"9","author":"Percival","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-014-0326-2","article-title":"Cohabitation\u2014Relationships of Corynebacteria and Staphylococci on Human Skin","volume":"59","author":"Kwaszewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-004-5843-8","article-title":"Fatty Acid Metabolism by Cutaneous Bacteria and Its Role in Axillary Malodour","volume":"20","author":"James","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem, I., Ramser, A., Isham, N., and Ghannoum, M.A. (2018). The Gut Microbiome as a Major Regulator of the Gut-Skin Axis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01459"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13349","article-title":"Topical Application of Probiotics in Skin: Adhesion, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm in Vitro Assays","volume":"122","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118655","article-title":"Current Perspectives on the Human Skin Microbiome: Functional Insights and Strategies for Therapeutic Modulation","volume":"193","author":"Suri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Domenico, E.G., Cavallo, I., Capitanio, B., Ascenzioni, F., Pimpinelli, F., Morrone, A., and Ensoli, F. (2019). Staphylococcus aureus and the Cutaneous Microbiota Biofilms in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090301"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.33320\/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.01.002","article-title":"Probiotics in Dermatological and Cosmetic Products\u2014Application and Efficiency","volume":"68","author":"Hyseni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maced. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou, J., Feng, N., Guo, F., Chen, Z., Liang, J., Wang, T., Guo, X., and Xu, Z. (2023). Applications of Probiotic Constituents in Cosmetics. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196765"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrestak, D., Matija\u0161i\u0107, M., Paljetak, H.\u010c., Drvar, D.L., Had\u017eavdi\u0107, S.L., and Peri\u0107, M. (2022). Skin Microbiota in Atopic Dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073503"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2026.2667256","article-title":"Emerging Microbiome-Based Therapies for Atopic Dermatitis: Clinical Insights and Future Development","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2016.1212660","article-title":"Environmental Risk Factors and Their Role in the Management of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Kantor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021481","article-title":"Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"347","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nedoszytko, B., Reszka, E., Gutowska-Owsiak, D., Trzeciak, M., Lange, M., Jarczak, J., Niedoszytko, M., Jablonska, E., Romantowski, J., and Strapagiel, D. (2020). Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186484"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.05.004","article-title":"Loss-of-Function Variations within the Filaggrin Gene Predispose for Atopic Dermatitis with Allergic Sensitizations","volume":"118","author":"Weidinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.01.068","article-title":"Altered Stratum Corneum Barrier and Enhanced Percutaneous Immune Responses in Filaggrin-Null Mice","volume":"129","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17132","article-title":"Stratum Corneum Markers of Innate and T Helper Cell-Related Immunity and Their Relation to the Disease Severity in Croatian Patients with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"35","author":"Jakasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000441540","article-title":"Stratum Corneum Lipids: Their Role for the Skin Barrier Function in Healthy Subjects and Atopic Dermatitis Patients","volume":"49","author":"Bouwstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-015-0567-4","article-title":"The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alia, K., Khan, H., Muzaffar, H., Perveen, N., Alrashedi, S., Al Dhaheri, Y., Waheed, Y., Alam, M.T., Naseem, M., and Muhammad, K. (2026). Gut Dysbiosis and Microbial Metabolites in Atopic Dermatitis: Implications for Immune Regulation along Gut-Skin Axis. Front. Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1829876"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302005","article-title":"Little Peptide, Big Effects: The Role of LL-37 in Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"191","author":"Kahlenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1159\/000362789","article-title":"The Human Cathelicidin LL-37 Host Defense Peptide Upregulates Tight Junction-Related Proteins and Increases Human Epidermal Keratinocyte Barrier Function","volume":"6","author":"Akiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.L.T., Trujillo-Paez, J.V., Umehara, Y., Yue, H., Peng, G., Kiatsurayanon, C., Chieosilapatham, P., Song, P., Okumura, K., and Ogawa, H. (2020). Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Skin Barrier Repair in Individuals with Atopic Dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207607"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282a64343","article-title":"The Role of Human Beta Defensins and Cathelicidins in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Howell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.131029.111","article-title":"Temporal Shifts in the Skin Microbiome Associated with Disease Flares and Treatment in Children with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14433","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins: Interaction with the Skin Microbiota","volume":"30","author":"Rademacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15390","article-title":"The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"177","author":"Bjerre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, L., Zhou, X., Su, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., and Wan, H. (2026). Microbiome Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Restoration in Atopic Dermatitis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1693905"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.10.015","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: Master Manipulator of the Skin","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12253-y","article-title":"Microbe-Host Interplay in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Fyhrquist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14566","article-title":"Prevalence and Odds of Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"175","author":"Hennekam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.05.127","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Exploits Epidermal Barrier Defects in Atopic Dermatitis to Trigger Cytokine Expression","volume":"136","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.10.008","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Induces Increased Serine Protease Activity in Keratinocytes","volume":"137","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.014","article-title":"Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Drives Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis HHS Public Access Microbiota-Host Immunity Axis as a Possible Target for Future Therapeutics in Eczematous Dermatitis","volume":"21","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.21","article-title":"Propionibacterium Acnes Strain Populations in the Human Skin Microbiome Associated with Acne","volume":"133","author":"Tomida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.319","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Hijacks a Skin Commensal to Intensify Its Virulence: Immunization Targeting \u0392-Hemolysin and CAMP Factor","volume":"131","author":"Lo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01286-14","article-title":"Propionibacterium-Produced Coproporphyrin III Induces Staphylococcus aureus Aggregation and Biofilm Formation","volume":"5","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.016","article-title":"A Wave of Regulatory T Cells into Neonatal Skin Mediates Tolerance to Commensal Microbes","volume":"43","author":"Scharschmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09074","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation and Nasal Colonization","volume":"465","author":"Iwase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12006","article-title":"Photoprotective Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve Supplementation against Skin Damage Induced by Ultraviolet Irradiation in Hairless Mice","volume":"28","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18634","article-title":"Human Commensals Producing a Novel Antibiotic Impair Pathogen Colonization","volume":"535","author":"Zipperer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01256-2","article-title":"Development of a Human Skin Commensal Microbe for Bacteriotherapy of Atopic Dermatitis and Use in a Phase 1 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"27","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.11.034","article-title":"Skin Commensal Malassezia Globosa Secreted Protease Attenuates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauerma, A., Fyhrquist, N., Maibach, H.I., and Homey, B. (2025). Skin Microbiome in Psoriasis. The Skin Microbiome Manual, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-82689-4"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S328439","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome and Its Role in Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Celoria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psoriasis Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielecka, E., Zubrzycka, N., Marzec, K., Maksylewicz, A., Sochalska, M., Kulawik-Pi\u00f3ro, A., Laso\u0144, E., \u015aliwa, K., Malinowska, M., and Sikora, E. (2024). Ursolic Acid Formulations Effectively Induce Apoptosis and Limit Inflammation in the Psoriasis Models In Vitro. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040732"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vici\u0107, M., Ka\u0161telan, M., Brajac, I., Soto\u0161ek, V., and Prpi\u0107 Massari, L. (2021). Current Concepts of Psoriasis Immunopathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111574"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f8nholt, K., and Iversen, L. (2017). Old and New Biological Therapies for Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112297"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgescu, S.R., Tampa, M., Caruntu, C., Sarbu, M.I., Mitran, C.I., Mitran, M.I., Matei, C., Constantin, C., and Neagu, M. (2019). Advances in Understanding the Immunological Pathways in Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030739"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-024-08991-7","article-title":"The Immunology of Psoriasis\u2014Current Concepts in Pathogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Sieminska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8668-1","article-title":"Psoriasis: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapies","volume":"54","author":"Conrad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2020.100016","article-title":"Role of Skin and Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis, an Inflammatory Skin Disease","volume":"4","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0533-1","article-title":"Alteration of the Cutaneous Microbiome in Psoriasis and Potential Role in Th17 Polarization","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-31","article-title":"Community Differentiation of the Cutaneous Microbiota in Psoriasis","volume":"1","author":"Alekseyenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-011-1189-x","article-title":"Comparison of Bacterial Microbiota in Skin Biopsies from Normal and Psoriatic Skin","volume":"304","author":"Engstrand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Tseng, C.H., Strober, B.E., Pei, Z., and Blaser, M.J. (2008). Substantial Alterations of the Cutaneous Bacterial Biota in Psoriatic Lesions. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002719"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180133","article-title":"The Microbiome in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: The Skin Perspective","volume":"94","author":"Thio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser, M.J.E., Kell, D.B., and Pretorius, E. (2019). Bacterial Dysbiosis and Translocation in Psoriasis Vulgaris. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00007"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.024","article-title":"Psoriatic Lesions Are Characterized by Higher Bacterial Load and Imbalance between Cutibacterium and Corynebacterium","volume":"82","author":"Quan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0407-345","article-title":"TH-17 Cells in the Circle of Immunity and Autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Bettelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-438.x","article-title":"Circulating T Cells of Patients with Active Psoriasis Respond to Streptococcal M-Peptides Sharing Sequences with Human Epidermal Keratins","volume":"45","author":"Sigmundsdottir","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0303-6987.2004.0135.x","article-title":"Possible Role of Malassezia Furfur in Psoriasis: Modulation of TGF-B1, Integrin, and HSP70 Expression in Human Keratinocytes and in the Skin of Psoriasis-Affected Patients","volume":"31","author":"Baroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"205","article-title":"The Microbiome of the Human Skin and Its Variability in Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Mazur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. I Alergol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16465","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003022117","article-title":"Immunity to Commensal Skin Fungi Promotes Psoriasiform Skin Inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Hurabielle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15015","article-title":"Candida Infections in Patients with Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Treated with Interleukin-17 Inhibitors and Their Practical Management","volume":"177","author":"Saunte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2001.00608.x","article-title":"Incidence of Candida in Psoriasis\u2014A Study on the Fungal Flora of Psoriatic Patients","volume":"44","author":"Waldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radaschin, D.S., Tatu, A., Iancu, A.V., Beiu, C., and Popa, L.G. (2024). The Contribution of the Skin Microbiome to Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Its Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60101619"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15029","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.29","article-title":"Acne Vulgaris","volume":"1","author":"Tuchayi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296855","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2023.2296855","article-title":"The Primary Role of Sebum in the Pathophysiology of Acne Vulgaris and Its Therapeutic Relevance in Acne Management","volume":"35","author":"Kircik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosca, S., Ottaviani, M., Briganti, S., Di Nardo, A., and Flori, E. (2025). The Sebaceous Gland: A Key Player in the Balance Between Homeostasis and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14100747"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-026-01659-4","article-title":"Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics for Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Warp","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"e82463","article-title":"Lipid Dysregulation in Sebaceous Gland Disorders and the Impact of Sphingolipid Metabolism on Acne Pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Miner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Jia, Y., and He, H. (2025). The Role of Linoleic Acid in Skin and Hair Health: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010246"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.015","article-title":"Role of Sebaceous Glands in Inflammatory Dermatoses","volume":"73","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700434","article-title":"Peroxidated Squalene Induces the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in HaCaT Keratinocytes: A Possible Role in Acne Vulgaris","volume":"126","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesiak, A., Paprocka, P., Wnorowska, U., Ma\u0144kowska, A., Kr\u00f3l, G., G\u0142uszek, K., Piktel, E., Spa\u0142ek, J., Ok\u0142a, S., and Fiedoruk, K. (2024). Significance of Host Antimicrobial Peptides in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1502242"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e841","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.841","article-title":"Adaptation of Acneic and Non Acneic Strains of Cutibacterium Acnes to Sebum-like Environment","volume":"8","author":"Borrel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14069","article-title":"High Bacterial Colonization and Lipase Activity in Microcomedones","volume":"29","author":"Josse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.05.013","article-title":"Expanding the Microcomedone Theory and Acne Therapeutics: Propionibacterium Acnes Biofilm Produces Biological Glue That Holds Corneocytes Together to Form Plug","volume":"57","author":"Burkhart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15659.1","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding Propionibacterium Acnes (Cutibacterium Acnes) in Acne","volume":"7","author":"Platsidaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1747-y","article-title":"In Vitro Modeling of Unsaturated Free Fatty Acid-Mediated Tissue Impairments Seen in Acne Lesions","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12543","article-title":"Oleic Acid Enhances Keratinocytes Differentiation via the Upregulation of MiR-203 in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"808","article-title":"Desaturation of Sebaceous-type Saturated Fatty Acids through the SCD1 and The","volume":"32","author":"Flori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2021.33.6.541","article-title":"Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome by Palmitic Acid in Human Sebocytes","volume":"33","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f6r\u0151csik, D., Fazekas, F., P\u00f3liska, S., Gregus, A., Janka, E.A., Dull, K., Szegedi, A., Zouboulis, C.C., and Kov\u00e1cs, D. (2021). Epidermal Growth Factor Modulates Palmitic Acid-Induced Inflammatory and Lipid Signaling Pathways in SZ95 Sebocytes. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.600017"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000505537","article-title":"Increased Lipid Accumulation under Hypoxia in SZ95 Human Sebocytes","volume":"237","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.190","article-title":"Propionibacterium Acnes and Sebaceous Lipogenesis: A Love-Hate Relationship?","volume":"129","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.46","article-title":"Involvement of Propionibacterium Acnes in the Augmentation of Lipogenesis in Hamster Sebaceous Glands in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"129","author":"Iinuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2154","article-title":"Propionic Acid Produced by Propionibacterium Acnes Strains Contributes to Their Pathogenicity","volume":"96","author":"Tax","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00fcggemann, H., Salar-Vidal, L., Gollnick, H.P.M., and Lood, R. (2021). A Janus-Faced Bacterium: Host-Beneficial and -Detrimental Roles of Cutibacterium Acnes. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.673845"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Song, Y., and He, L. (2023). A Review of Skin Immune Processes in Acne. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1324930"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.6641649.x","article-title":"IgG Subclasses Specific to Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes in Patients with Acne Vulgaris","volume":"136","author":"Ashbee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-961811","article-title":"Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Skin Signaling Is Receptor-Mediated and Is Predominant in the Sebaceous Glands","volume":"39","author":"Krause","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.05.032","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Propionibacterium acnes CAMP Factor-Targeted Acne Vaccines","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Yang, S., Yu, X., Fang, F., Zhu, L., Wang, L., Zhang, X., Yang, C., Qian, Q., and Zhu, T. (2024). Association of Different Cell Types and Inflammation in Early Acne Vulgaris. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1275269"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13296","article-title":"Skin Microbiome and Acne vulgaris: Staphylococcus, a New Actor in Acne","volume":"26","author":"Dreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00531-1","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome: A New Actor in Inflammatory Acne","volume":"21","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39491","article-title":"The Balance of Metagenomic Elements Shapes the Skin Microbiome in Acne and Health","volume":"6","author":"Barnard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayslich, C., Grange, P.A., and Dupin, N. (2021). Cutibacterium Acnes as an Opportunistic Pathogen: An Update of Its Virulence-Associated Factors. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020303"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimokawa, Y., Funatsu, O., Ohata, K., Inoue, F., Tachibana, K., and Dekio, I. (2024). Detailed Microbiome Analysis of Sticker-Stripped Surface Materials of Acne Lesions Revealed Acne-Related Cutibacterium Acnes Subtypes: A Pilot Study. bioRXiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.19.569832"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2847","article-title":"Decrease in Diversity of Propionibacterium acnes Phylotypes in Patients with Severe Acne on the Back","volume":"98","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin, J., Watterson, S., Layton, A.M., Bjourson, A.J., Barnard, E., and McDowell, A. (2019). Propionibacterium acnes and Acne vulgaris: New Insights from the Integration of Population Genetic, Multi-Omic, Biochemical and Host-Microbe Studies. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050128"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDowell, A., Nagy, I., Magyari, M., Barnard, E., and Patrick, S. (2013). The Opportunistic Pathogen Propionibacterium acnes: Insights into Typing, Human Disease, Clonal Diversification and CAMP Factor Evolution. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070897"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47489-0","article-title":"A New Phylogenetic Group of Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"57","author":"McDowell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-01079-8","article-title":"The Microbiome and Acne: Perspectives for Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nied\u017awiedzka, A., Micallef, M.P., Biazzo, M., and Podrini, C. (2024). The Role of the Skin Microbiome in Acne: Challenges and Future Therapeutic Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111422"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14467","article-title":"Cutibacterium Acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis: The Unmissable Modulators of Skin Inflammatory Response","volume":"31","author":"Dagnelie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2015.12.024","article-title":"Staphylococcal LTA-Induced MiR-143 Inhibits Propionibacterium acnes-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Skin","volume":"136","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.12.026","article-title":"Identification of a Human Skin Commensal Bacterium That Selectively Kills Cutibacterium Acnes","volume":"140","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2010.05.022","article-title":"Malassezia Infection: Is There Any Chance or Necessity in Refractory Acne?","volume":"123","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13245","article-title":"Microorganisms Inhabiting Follicular Contents of Facial Acne Are Not Only Propionibacterium but Also Malassezia spp.","volume":"43","author":"Akaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-00417-3","article-title":"Acne, the Skin Microbiome, and Antibiotic Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.678019","article-title":"Increased Hydrophobicity in Malassezia Species Correlates with Increased Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"87","author":"Akaza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120608","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120608","article-title":"First-in-Human Topical Microbiome Transplantation with Roseomonas Mucosa for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"3","author":"Myles","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"782","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Novel Therapy for Severe Psoriasis","volume":"58","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei KE ZA Zhi"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37432","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2012.01626.x","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance of Microbial Strains Isolated from Korean Acne Patients","volume":"39","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhawaja, E., Hammadi, S., Abdelmalek, M., Mahasneh, N., Alkhawaja, B., and Abdelmalek, S.M. (2020). Antibiotic Resistant Cutibacterium Acnes among Acne Patients in Jordan: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Dermatol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12895-020-00108-9"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03852-5","article-title":"Propionibacterium\/Cutibacterium Species\u2013Related Positive Samples, Identification, Clinical and Resistance Features: A 10-Year Survey in a French Hospital","volume":"39","author":"Broly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12482","article-title":"Three Dimensional Distribution of Propionibacterium acnes Biofilms in Human Skin","volume":"23","author":"Jahns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2021.100063","article-title":"The Role of Biofilm Formation in the Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Cutibacterium Acnes","volume":"4","author":"Coenye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sionov, R.V., and Steinberg, D. (2022). Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061239"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13451","article-title":"The Role of Topical Probiotics on Wound Healing: A Review of Animal and Human Studies","volume":"17","author":"Knackstedt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102150","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in the Commensal Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"68","author":"Lamberte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00920-0","article-title":"Probiotics Impact the Antibiotic Resistance Gene Reservoir along the Human GI Tract in a Person-Specific and Antibiotic-Dependent Manner","volume":"6","author":"Montassier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-03314-w","article-title":"The Impacts of Probiotics in Eradication Therapy of Helicobacter Pylori","volume":"204","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puebla-Barragan, S., and Reid, G. (2021). Probiotics in Cosmetic and Personal Care Products: Trends and Challenges. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051249"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinderola, G., Sanders, M.E., and Salminen, S. (2022). The Concept of Postbiotics. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11081077"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra, V., S\u00e9r\u00e9zal, I.G., and Wolf, P. (2020). Potential of Skin Microbiome, pro-and\/or Pre-Biotics to Affect Local Cutaneous Responses to UV Exposure. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061795"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-835835","article-title":"Diet-Derived Phenols in Plasma and Tissues and Their Implications for Health","volume":"70","author":"Clifford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"850902","article-title":"A Survey of Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Dietary Polyphenols","volume":"2015","author":"Cueva","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"\u0141\u0119tocha, A., and Sikora, E. (2021). Pre- and Probiotics as Raw Materials for Cosmetic Products. EYEC Monograph: 9th European Young Engineers Conference, Warsaw University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"Warming, M., Lassen, C., and Christensen, F. (2016). Survey of Cosmetic Products with \u201cProbiotic\u201d or \u201cPrebiotic\u201d Claims, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.009","article-title":"Postbiotics: An Evolving Term within the Functional Foods Field","volume":"75","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.15406\/ghoa.2019.10.00404","article-title":"Beyond Probiotics the Postbiotics","volume":"10","author":"Koleilat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majeed, M., Majeed, S., Nagabhushanam, K., Mundkur, L., Rajalakshmi, H.R., Shah, K., and Beede, K. (2020). Novel Topical Application of a Postbiotic, Lactosporin\u00ae, in Mild to Moderate Acne: A Randomized, Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate Its Efficacy, Tolerability and Safety. Cosmetics, 7, Correction in Cosmetics 2022, 9, 65.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics9030065"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zolkiewicz, J., Marzec, A., Ruszczynski, M., and Feleszko, W. (2020). Postbiotics\u2014A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082189"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chia, J., Carma, A., Alwyn, A., Cho, R., Hill, D.S., and Borrello, M.T. (2026). The Skin Microbiome Revolution: The Science and Challenges of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics in Skincare. Cosmetics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics13010043"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12229","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis-Mitigating Effects of New Lactobacillus Strain, Lactobacillus Sakei Probio 65 Isolated from Kimchi","volume":"115","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Longum Lysate, a New Ingredient for Reactive Skin","volume":"19","author":"Bastien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13130","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Longum Extract Exerts Pro-differentiating Effects on Human Epidermal Keratinocytes, In Vitro","volume":"26","author":"Gueniche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, Y.-O., Jeong, H., Cho, Y., Lee, E.-O., Jang, H.-W., Kim, J., Nam, K.T., and Lim, K.-M. (2019). Lysates of a Probiotic, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, Can Improve Skin Barrier Function in a Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174289"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13950","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938\u2014A Comparative Study on the Effect of Probiotics and Lysates on Human Skin","volume":"28","author":"Khmaladze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13506","article-title":"Skin Resistance to UVB-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hyperpigmentation by the Topical Use of Lactobacillus Helveticus NS8-Fermented Milk Supernatant","volume":"123","author":"Rong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000090","article-title":"The Probiotic Paradox: Live and Dead Cells Are Biological Response Modifiers","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13060","article-title":"The Use of Topical Nitrosomonas Eutropha for Cosmetic Improvement of Facial Wrinkles","volume":"19","author":"Notay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02793.x","article-title":"Interleukin-8 Production by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Patients with Chronic Infected Leg Ulcers Treated with Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"16","author":"Peral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chilicka, K., Dzie\u0144dziora-Urbi\u0144ska, I., Szygu\u0142a, R., Asanova, B., and Nowicka, D. (2022). Microbiome and Probiotics in Acne vulgaris\u2014A Narrative Review. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030422"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14971","article-title":"Efficacy of Probiotic-Derived Lotion from Lactobacillus Paracasei MSMC 39-1 in Mild to Moderate Acne vulgaris, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Sathikulpakdee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, T., Wang, X., Li, Y., and Ren, F. (2023). The Role of Probiotics in Skin Health and Related Gut\u2013Skin Axis: A Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143123"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.15280\/jlm.2014.4.1.8","article-title":"The Role of Functional Foods in Cutaneous Anti-Aging","volume":"4","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318586","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/318586","article-title":"Characterizing Facial Skin Ageing in Humans: Disentangling Extrinsic from Intrinsic Biological Phenomena","volume":"2015","author":"Trojahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14734","article-title":"Application and Mechanism of Probiotics in Skin Care: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3862","article-title":"Effects of Oral Intake of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus Brevis SBC8803 (SBL88TM) on Dry Skin Conditions: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"12","author":"Ogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12435","article-title":"Effect of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus Brevis SBC8803 on Cutaneous Arterial Sympathetic Nerve Activity, Cutaneous Blood Flow and Transepidermal Water Loss in Rats","volume":"116","author":"Horii","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.4100","article-title":"Skin Moisturizing and Antiphotodamage Effects of Tyndallized Lactobacillus Acidophilus IDCC 3302","volume":"21","author":"Im","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.21923","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid: A Key Molecule in Skin Aging","volume":"4","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermato-endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15831","article-title":"The Pivotal Role of Bifida Ferment Lysate on Reinforcing the Skin Barrier Function and Maintaining Homeostasis of Skin Defenses In Vitro","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-021-00620-7","article-title":"Enhanced Ceramides Production by Lactobacillus Rhamnosus IDCC 3201 and Its Proposed Mechanism","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huuskonen, L., Anglenius, H., Ahonen, I., and Tiihonen, K. (2023). Effects of Bacterial Lysates and Metabolites on Collagen Homeostasis in TNF-\u03b1-Challenged Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061465"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cinque, B., La Torre, C., Melchiorre, E., Marchesani, G., Zoccali, G., Palumbo, P., Di Marzio, L., Masci, A., Mosca, L., and Mastromarino, P. (2011). Use of Probiotics for Dermal Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20838-6_9"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2006.00344.x","article-title":"Natural Skin Surface PH Is on Average below 5, Which Is Beneficial for Its Resident Flora","volume":"28","author":"Lambers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2009.01.002","article-title":"Pre- and Probiotics for Human Skin","volume":"54","author":"Krutmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1408.08023","article-title":"Effect of Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on Epidermal Hydration in Ultraviolet B-Irradiated Hairless Mice","volume":"24","author":"Ra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12972","article-title":"The Role of Ceramides in Skin Barrier Function and the Importance of Their Correct Formulation for Skincare Applications","volume":"46","author":"Schild","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00619-2","article-title":"Ceramides in Skin Health and Disease: An Update","volume":"22","author":"Uchida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2019.12.002","article-title":"The Role of Ceramides in Skin Homeostasis and Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1406.06038","article-title":"Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 Protects Hairless Mouse against Ultraviolet B-Induced Photoaging","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"4","article-title":"Photoaging: Reversal of the Oxidative Stress Through Dietary Changes and Plant-Based Products","volume":"15","author":"Hooda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2003.11.002","article-title":"The Role of Telomeres in Skin Aging\/Photoaging","volume":"35","author":"Kosmadaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930164","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/930164","article-title":"Skin Photoaging and the Role of Antioxidants in Its Prevention","volume":"2013","author":"Pandel","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2015-0685","article-title":"Efficacy of Oral Bifidobacterium Bifidum ATCC 29521 on Microflora and Antioxidant in Mice","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Yi, R., Mu, J., Long, X., Pan, Y., Zhao, X., and Liu, W. (2018). Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC11 Isolated from Sichuan Pickled Cabbages Antagonizes D-Galactose-Induced Oxidation and Aging in Mice. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23113026"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801944","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1801944","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Antioxidant Capacity of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotic: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.Y., Jeong, D., Park, S.H., Shin, K.K., Hong, Y.H., Kim, E., Yu, Y.G., Kim, T.R., Kim, H., and Lee, J. (2020). Antiwrinkle and Antimelanogenesis Effects of Tyndallized Lactobacillus Acidophilus KCCM12625P. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051620"},{"key":"ref_230","first-page":"2499","article-title":"Protective Effects of Tyndallized Lactobacillus Acidophilus IDCC 3302 against UVB-induced Photodamage to Epidermal Keratinocytes Cells","volume":"43","author":"Im","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13008-024-00107-z","article-title":"Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Ultraviolet-Induced Photodamage of the Skin","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Div."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7370642","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7370642","article-title":"Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Aging: The Role of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Epidermal Stem Cell Damage Mediated Skin Aging","volume":"2016","author":"Panich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zhang, X., Song, Y., Zheng, B., Wen, Z., Gong, M., and Meng, L. (2022). Heat-Killed Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei Ameliorated UVB-Induced Oxidative Damage and Photoaging and Its Underlying Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101875"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13136","article-title":"Towards Application of Water Extract from Heat-Killed Lactococcus Lactis H61 as a Cosmetic Ingredient","volume":"68","author":"Sekiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondadori, G., Amoruso, A., Visciglia, A., Deusebio, G., Pinto, D., Pane, M., and Rinaldi, F. (2025). Heat-Treated Probiotics\u2019 Role in Counteraction of Skin UVs-Induced Damage In Vitro. Cosmetics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12030121"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaheen, A.E., Gebreel, H.M., Moussa, L.A., Zakaria, A.E., and Nemr, W.A. (2023). Photoprotection Against UV-Induced Skin Damage Using Hyaluronic Acid Produced by Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum and Enterococcus Durans. Curr. Microbiol., 80.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03377-y"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, H., Zhang, Y., An, Q., Wang, D., You, S., Zhao, D., Zhang, J., Wang, C., and Li, M. (2022). Anti-Photoaging Effect of Rhodiola Rosea Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum on UVA-Damaged Fibroblasts. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112324"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8936907","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8936907","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum Exhibits Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12518","article-title":"Atmospheric Skin Aging\u2014Contributors and Inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"McDaniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.027","article-title":"Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 Controls Keratinocyte Activation in a Necroptosis-Independent Manner and Promotes Psoriatic Dermatitis in Mice","volume":"140","author":"Honda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbatti, M., Ullrich, S., and Borin, A.C. (2015). Photoinduced Phenomena in Nucleic Acids II DNA Fragments and Phenomenological Aspects, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13272-3"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39594","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5519","article-title":"Silibinin Enhances the Repair of Ultraviolet B-Induced DNA Damage by Activating P53-Dependent Nucleotide Excision Repair Mechanism in Human Dermal Fibroblasts","volume":"6","author":"Deep","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0044","article-title":"Green Tea Polyphenols Prevent Uv-Induced Immunosuppression by Rapid Repair of DNA Damage and Enhancement of Nucleotide Excision Repair Genes","volume":"3","author":"Katiyar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"504","article-title":"Supplementation with Oral Probiotic Bacteria Protects Human Cutaneous Immune Homeostasis after UV Exposure-Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"18","author":"Buetler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:38:44Z","timestamp":1785249524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":244,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}}}