{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T09:00:39Z","timestamp":1785315639181,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Capsular contracture is a fibrotic foreign-body response to silicone implants, driven primarily by TGF-\u03b21-mediated myofibroblast activation and profibrotic signaling, with no established pharmacological prophylaxis. Pentoxifylline (PTX), an antifibrotic agent acting on these pathways, has rarely been evaluated for peri-implant capsule formation. Twenty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats received a 2 cm \u00d7 1 cm smooth silicone block in a dorsal sub-panniculus carnosus pocket. After pre-specified exclusions, 20 animals were analyzed in two equal groups: control (saline) and PTX (25 mg\/kg\/day intraperitoneally) for six weeks. Intracapsular fibroblast\/myofibroblast density and capsule thickness were quantified by H&amp;E histology with digital image analysis. PTX reduced fibroblast\/myofibroblast density by 35.7% (36.28 \u00b1 9.80 vs. 56.46 \u00b1 16.69 cells\/HPF; p = 0.004; d = 1.47). Capsule thickness was reduced by 33.0% (340.10 \u00b1 199.88 vs. 507.78 \u00b1 170.72 \u00b5m; d = 0.90), which did not reach significance (Student\u2019s t p = 0.059); the Mann\u2013Whitney U sensitivity analysis gave p = 0.045. Systemic PTX reduced intracapsular fibroblast\/myofibroblast density, with a directionally consistent but statistically inconclusive secondary signal for capsule thickness. Consistent with the antifibrotic profile of PTX, these findings identify a candidate signal warranting confirmation in a mechanistically powered follow-up, within the limitations of a single-dose, single-sex, H&amp;E-based design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T08:16:52Z","timestamp":1785313012000},"page":"6779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Pentoxifylline on Peri-Implant Capsule Cellularity and Thickness: A Controlled Experimental Study in a Rat Silicone Implant Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Tevfik","family":"Satir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dermatosurgery, St. Josefskrankenhaus Heidelberg, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Marmara University Hospital, 34899 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Health Management, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 90403 N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ojaf003","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojaf003","article-title":"Capsular Contracture After Breast Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Haas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthet. 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