{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:35:12Z","timestamp":1791246912416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations even among individuals with similar demographics. Disease severity has been linked with viral-mediated expression of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes. Among the interferon-stimulated genes are members of adenosine deaminases acting on the RNA (ADAR) family that contribute to transcriptome diversity and modulate immune response. Previous studies identified altered ADAR expression and editing patterns during SARS-CoV-2 infection, although it remains unclear whether ADAR expression and activity differ between patients with varying severities of COVID-19. We used whole-blood transcriptomes from individuals with critical or non-critical COVID-19 and matched for age, sex, and presence of comorbidities. Results show differential expression of numerous genes, including those involved in neutrophil degranulation, and upregulation of ADAR1 and its isoform ADARp110 in patients with critical COVID-19. We identified severity-specific editing events, including nonsynonymous edits, within distinct biological pathways. Differentially edited sites\u2014that could serve as molecular markers for COVID-19 severity\u2014were found within genes enriched in signal transduction, RNA and protein metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. Our results demonstrate differences in expression and editing patterns of ADARs between critical and non-critical patients, supporting a potential role of ADAR editing in COVID-19 pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:01:46Z","timestamp":1785344506000},"page":"6809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Alterations in ADAR Editing Patterns Differ Between Patients Who Developed Critical Compared to Non-Critical COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aiswarya","family":"Mukundan Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"},{"name":"Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Piontkivska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"},{"name":"Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"},{"name":"Healthy Communities Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.05.004","article-title":"Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses to SARS-CoV-2: Implications for COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Lowery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, March 15). CDC-COVID-19 Clinical Presentation, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/covid\/hcp\/clinical-care\/covid19-presentation.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199339","article-title":"Type I Interferon Pathway Genetic Variants in Severe COVID-19","volume":"342","author":"Montenegro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.040","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients with Mild COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2022.10.005","article-title":"Pre-Infection Antiviral Innate Immunity Contributes to Sex Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"13","author":"Sauerwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102533","article-title":"Mortality and Morbidity in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Gebremeskel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.202057","article-title":"Rapid Progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Review of Current Understanding of Critical Illness from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection","volume":"49","author":"Goh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3012","article-title":"Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"173","author":"Oran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus\u2013Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0962-9","article-title":"Age-Dependent Effects in the Transmission and Control of COVID-19 Epidemics","volume":"26","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001112","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01112-2020","article-title":"Association between Age and Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 99 Cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A Descriptive Study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Y., Wu, P., Lu, W., Liu, K., Ma, K., Huang, L., Cai, J., Zhang, H., Qin, Y., and Sun, H. (2020). Sex-Specific Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Coronavirus Disease-19 Infection in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Study of 168 Severe Patients. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008520"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2700-3","article-title":"Sex Differences in Immune Responses That Underlie COVID-19 Disease Outcomes","volume":"588","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000512592","article-title":"Association of Sex, Age, and Comorbidities with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Biswas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1017\/pcm.2022.12","article-title":"COVID-19 Host Genetics and ABO Blood Group Susceptibility","volume":"1","author":"Ellinghaus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Camb. Prism. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100785","article-title":"The Impact of ABO Blood Group on COVID-19 Infection Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4585","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against Type I IFNs in Patients with Life-Threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01203-3","article-title":"Autoantibodies Neutralizing Type I Interferons in 20% of COVID-19 Deaths in a French Hospital","volume":"42","author":"Bastard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06392-4","article-title":"Autoantibodies against Type I Interferons Are Associated with Multi-Organ Failure in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"47","author":"Koning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01036-0","article-title":"Neutralizing Autoantibodies to Type I IFNs in >10% of Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Hospitalized in Madrid, Spain","volume":"41","author":"Troya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03767-x","article-title":"Mapping the Human Genetic Architecture of COVID-19","volume":"600","author":"Niemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04826-7","article-title":"A First Update on Mapping the Human Genetic Architecture of COVID-19","volume":"608","author":"Pathak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severe Covid-19 GWAS Group, Ellinghaus, D., Degenhardt, F., Bujanda, L., Buti, M., Albillos, A., Invernizzi, P., Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Prati, D., and Baselli, G. (2020). Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure. N. Engl. J. Med., 383, 1522\u20131534.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020283"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1051-9","article-title":"An Inflammatory Cytokine Signature Predicts COVID-19 Severity and Survival","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired Type I Interferon Activity and Inflammatory Responses in Severe COVID-19 Patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm8108","article-title":"The Immunology and Immunopathology of COVID-19","volume":"375","author":"Merad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34895-1","article-title":"Defective Activation and Regulation of Type I Interferon Immunity Is Associated with Increasing COVID-19 Severity","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus Biology and Replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"Kratzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00592-0","article-title":"Type I and III Interferon Responses in SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.02.014","article-title":"The Battle between Host and SARS-CoV-2: Innate Immunity and Viral Evasion Strategies","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.025","article-title":"Shared and Distinct Functions of Type I and Type III Interferons","volume":"50","author":"Lazear","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of Type I Interferon Responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"178","article-title":"Innate Immune Evasion Strategies of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"21","author":"Minkoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4570","article-title":"Inborn Errors of Type I IFN Immunity in Patients with Life-Threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00840-x","article-title":"Untuned Antiviral Immunity in COVID-19 Revealed by Temporal Type I\/III Interferon Patterns and Flu Comparison","volume":"22","author":"Galani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3545","article-title":"Type III Interferons Disrupt the Lung Epithelial Barrier upon Viral Recognition","volume":"369","author":"Broggi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal Analyses Reveal Immunological Misfiring in Severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.231209.117","article-title":"RNA Editing in Nascent RNA Affects Pre-mRNA Splicing","volume":"28","author":"Hsiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22796","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141122796","article-title":"ADAR Enzyme and miRNA Story: A Nucleotide That Can Make the Difference","volume":"14","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-12-252","article-title":"The ADAR Protein Family","volume":"13","author":"Savva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021757118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021757118","article-title":"Decoupling Expression and Editing Preferences of ADAR1 P150 and P110 Isoforms","volume":"118","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.M., and Piontkivska, H. (2026). SARS-CoV-2-Induced Dysregulation in ADAR Editing Patterns Persists Post Viral Clearance in Individuals with Mild COVID-19. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1857062"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199413","article-title":"Reovirus Infection Induces Transcriptome-Wide Unique A-to-I Editing Changes in the Murine Fibroblasts","volume":"346","author":"Tariq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7251","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708316200","article-title":"Down-regulation of RNA editing in pediatric astrocytomas: ADAR2 editing activity inhibits cell migration and proliferation","volume":"283","author":"Cenci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb5813","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb5813","article-title":"Evidence for Host-Dependent RNA Editing in the Transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Martignano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"evab240","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evab240","article-title":"ADAR Editing in Viruses: An Evolutionary Force to Reckon with","volume":"13","author":"Piontkivska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-024-00314-y","article-title":"Viral N Protein Hijacks Deaminase-Containing RNA Granules to Enhance SARS-CoV-2 Mutagenesis","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picardi, E., Mansi, L., and Pesole, G. (2022). Detection of A-to-I RNA Editing in SARS-COV-2. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010041"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2112663119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112663119","article-title":"Impact of ADAR-Induced Editing of Minor Viral RNA Populations on Replication and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"119","author":"Ringlander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac120","article-title":"Virus-Specific Editing Identification Approach Reveals the Landscape of A-to-I Editing and Its Impacts on SARS-CoV-2 Characteristics and Evolution","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azgari, C., Kilinc, Z., Turhan, B., Circi, D., and Adebali, O. (2021). The Mutation Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Is Primarily Shaped by the Host Antiviral Defense. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.02.429486"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74843-x","article-title":"Point Mutation Bias in SARS-CoV-2 Variants Results in Increased Ability to Stimulate Inflammatory Responses","volume":"10","author":"Kosuge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.10.092","article-title":"Host-Directed Editing of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome","volume":"538","author":"Mourier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Hozumi, Y., Zheng, Y.-H., Yin, C., and Wei, G.-W. (2020). Host Immune Response Driving SARS-CoV-2 Evolution. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101095"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28841-4","article-title":"Landscape of Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Recoding across Human Tissues","volume":"13","author":"Gabay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.4","article-title":"A-to-I Editing of Coding and Non-Coding RNAs by ADARs","volume":"17","author":"Nishikura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Li, X., Qi, R., and Billiar, T. (2017). RNA Editing, ADAR1, and the Innate Immune Response. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8010041"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02727-9","article-title":"Biological Roles of A-to-I Editing: Implications in Innate Immunity, Cell Death, and Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"42","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0006-1","article-title":"A-to-I RNA Editing\u2014Immune Protector and Transcriptome Diversifier","volume":"19","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel, C.E. (2012). Editing of Neurotransmitter Receptor and Ion Channel RNAs in the Nervous System. Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) and A-to-I Editing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22801-8"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.010","article-title":"A-to-I RNA Editing: Effects on Proteins Key to Neural Excitability","volume":"74","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.12.006","article-title":"RNA Over-Editing of BLCAP Contributes to Hepatocarcinogenesis Identified by Whole-Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing","volume":"357","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94813","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201694813","article-title":"RNA Editing of Filamin A pre-mRNA Regulates Vascular Contraction and Diastolic Blood Pressure","volume":"37","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R5","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-1-r5","article-title":"Mammalian Conserved ADAR Targets Comprise Only a Small Fragment of the Human Editosome","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.2855504","article-title":"Widespread RNA Editing of Embedded Alu Elements in the Human Transcriptome","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01458-8","article-title":"RNA Editing by ADAR1 Leads to Context-Dependent Transcriptome-Wide Changes in RNA Secondary Structure","volume":"8","author":"Solomon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01465-x","article-title":"The Role of ADAR1 through and beyond Its Editing Activity in Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7049","article-title":"RNA Editing by ADAR1 Prevents MDA5 Sensing of Endogenous dsRNA as Nonself","volume":"349","author":"Liddicoat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.11.010","article-title":"Altered RNA Editing in Atopic Dermatitis Highlights the Role of Double-Stranded RNA for Immune Surveillance","volume":"143","author":"Karmon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000384","article-title":"Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing of Alu Double-Stranded (Ds)RNAs Is Markedly Decreased in Multiple Sclerosis and Unedited Alu dsRNAs Are Potent Activators of Proinflammatory Transcriptional Responses","volume":"205","author":"Tossberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.038","article-title":"Human ADAR1 Prevents Endogenous RNA from Triggering Translational Shutdown","volume":"172","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aune, T.M., Tossberg, J.T., Heinrich, R.M., Porter, K.P., and Crooke, P.S. (2022). Alu RNA Structural Features Modulate Immune Cell Activation and A-to-I Editing of Alu RNAs Is Diminished in Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.818023"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crimmu.2021.04.001","article-title":"Reduced A-to-I Editing of Endogenous Alu RNAs in Lung after SARS-CoV-2 Infection1","volume":"2","author":"Crooke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001428","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Reduced Adenosine-to-Inosine Editing of Endogenous Alu RNAs in Severe COVID-19 Disease","volume":"206","author":"Crooke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y.-Y., Liang, Y.-P., Huang, W.-H., Guo, L., Cheng, L.-L., Ran, T.-T., Yao, J.-P., Zhu, L., and Chen, J.-H. (2024). Ocular A-to-I RNA Editing Signatures Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BMC Genom., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10324-z"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109846","article-title":"RNA Editing in Host lncRNAs as Potential Modulator in SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Host Immune Response Dynamics","volume":"27","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y.-Y., Liang, Y.-P., Pan, J.-Q., Huang, W.-H., Feng, Y.-M., Sui, W.-J., Yu, H., Tang, X.-D., Zhu, L., and Chen, J.-H. (2024). RNA Editing in Response to COVID-19 Vaccines: Unveiling Dynamic Epigenetic Regulation of Host Immunity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1413704"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800239","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201800239","article-title":"Explaining Pathogenicity of Congenital Zika and Guillain-Barre Syndromes: Does Dysregulation of RNA Editing Play a Role?","volume":"41","author":"Piontkivska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19048-6","article-title":"Increased RNA Editing in Maternal Immune Activation Model of Neurodevelopmental Disease","volume":"11","author":"Kopel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, M., Mark, A., Pham, J., Vera, K., Saravia-Butler, A.M., Beheshti, A., Jiang, Q., and Fisch, K.M. (2024). RNA Editing Regulates Host Immune Response and T Cell Homeostasis in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307450"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"lqad092","DOI":"10.1093\/nargab\/lqad092","article-title":"Elevated A-to-I RNA Editing in COVID-19 Infected Individuals","volume":"5","author":"Gorelik","year":"2023","journal-title":"NAR Genom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj7521","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abj7521","article-title":"Identification of Driver Genes for Critical Forms of COVID-19 in a Deeply Phenotyped Young Patient Cohort","volume":"14","author":"Carapito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated Estimation of Fold Change and Dispersion for RNA-Seq Data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31795","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.50.31795","article-title":"RED2, a Brain-Specific Member of the RNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminase Family","volume":"271","author":"Melcher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102267","article-title":"RNA Binding by ADAR3 Inhibits Adenosine-to-Inosine Editing and Promotes Expression of Immune Response Protein MAVS","volume":"298","author":"Oakes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2024.06.006","article-title":"ADAR1: From Basic Mechanisms to Inhibitors","volume":"35","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.004","article-title":"Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) Are Both Antiviral and Proviral Dependent upon the Virus","volume":"411","author":"Samuel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5042338","article-title":"New Insights into the Biological Role of Mammalian ADARs; the RNA Editing Proteins","volume":"5","author":"Mannion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1347-3","article-title":"Rewriting the Transcriptome: Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing by ADARs","volume":"18","author":"Walkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacopuzzi, E., Gennarelli, M., Sacco, C., Filippini, A., Mingardi, J., Magri, C., and Barbon, A. (2018). Genome-Wide Analysis of Consistently RNA Edited Sites in Human Blood Reveals Interactions with mRNA Processing Genes and Suggests Correlations with Cell Types and Biological Variables. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5364-8"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W122","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad472","article-title":"DDMut: Predicting Effects of Mutations on Protein Stability Using Deep Learning","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.124107.111","article-title":"Accurate Identification of A-to-I RNA Editing in Human by Transcriptome Sequencing","volume":"22","author":"Bahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.02.008","article-title":"ADAR Editing in Double-Stranded UTRs and Other Non-Coding RNA Sequences","volume":"35","author":"Hundley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.066522.118","article-title":"Dynamic Temperature-Sensitive A-to-I RNA Editing in the Brain of a Heterothermic Mammal during Hibernation","volume":"24","author":"Riemondy","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav1741","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav1741","article-title":"The Biochemical Basis of microRNA Targeting Efficacy","volume":"366","author":"McGeary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Ha, S.E., Yu, T.Y., and Ro, S. (2025). Dual Roles of miR-10a-5p and miR-10b-5p as Tumor Suppressors and Oncogenes in Diverse Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010415"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05309-2","article-title":"Stress-Associated Changes in MiR-20b-3p as a Potential Predictor of Underlying Psychopathology in the Depressed Brain: Mechanistic Insights from a Rat Model of Chronic Restraint Stress","volume":"63","author":"Ali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2020.151144","article-title":"PGAM5: A Crucial Role in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Programmed Cell Death","volume":"100","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01104-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Innate Immunity: The Good, the Bad, and the \u201cGoldilocks\u201d","volume":"21","author":"Sievers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108080","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 Protein ORF3c Is a Mitochondrial Modulator of Innate Immunity","volume":"26","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1086\/430637","article-title":"Alternative Splicing Suggests Extended Function of PEX26 in Peroxisome Biogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Weller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.02.081","article-title":"TEAD3 Inhibits the Proliferation and Metastasis of Prostate Cancer via Suppressing ADRBK2","volume":"654","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Xu, Y., Huang, R., Shi, W., Qu, Y., Ruan, J., Zhou, C., and Zhao, X. (2024). APOL6 Predicts Immunotherapy Efficacy of Bladder Cancer by Ferroptosis. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12820-7"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Chen, Y., Li, B., Li, Y., Liang, X., Lin, H., Luo, L., Chen, T., Dai, Y., and Pang, W. (2023). Upregulation of Apolipoprotein L6 Improves Tumor Immunotherapy by Inducing Immunogenic Cell Death. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030415"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopen.2018.05.001","article-title":"AhR Signaling Pathways and Regulatory Functions","volume":"7","author":"Larigot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Open"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Liu, L., Yan, J., He, J., Wan, B., Ge, R., Xiao, J., and Yang, G. (2025). Neurodevelopmental Impact of Bipolar Disorder Genetic Risk on Cortical Thickness and Network Topology in Adolescents. bioRxiv, 2025.06.07.658415.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.07.658415"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111560","article-title":"Inhibition of ERO1L Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8400","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45124","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Dependent Expression of ERO1L Promotes Aerobic Glycolysis in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10309","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad731","article-title":"Unraveling the Role of ZNF506 as a Human PBS-pro-Targeting Protein for ERVP Repression","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71218","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71218","article-title":"Impact of Population Pharmacogenomics on Cisplatin-Induced Neurotoxicities in Testicular Cancer Survivors","volume":"14","author":"Nakshatri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03765-24","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03765-24","article-title":"HPSE-Mediated Proinflammatory Signaling Contributes to Neurobehavioral Deficits Following Intranasal HSV-1 Infection","volume":"16","author":"Borase","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2013.02.008","article-title":"Versatile Role of Heparanase in Inflammation","volume":"32","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2003.10.021","article-title":"Essential Roles of Meltrin \u03b2 (ADAM19) in Heart Development","volume":"267","author":"Kurohara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001753","article-title":"ADAM19 Expression in Human Nephrogenesis and Renal Disease: Associations with Clinical and Structural Deterioration","volume":"70","author":"Melenhorst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0285-z","article-title":"SGTB Promotes the Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Chondrocytes of Osteoarthritis","volume":"39","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-013-9517-4","article-title":"Up-Regulation of SGTB Is Associated with Neuronal Apoptosis after Neuroinflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"44","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cusato, J., Manca, A., Palermiti, A., Mula, J., Costanzo, M., Antonucci, M., Trunfio, M., Corcione, S., Chiara, F., and De Vivo, E.D. (2023). COVID-19: A Possible Contribution of the MAPK Pathway. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051459"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna, E., Wubben, R., Isaza-Correa, J.M., Melo, A.M., Mhaonaigh, A.U., Conlon, N., O\u2019Donnell, J.S., N\u00ed Cheallaigh, C., Hurley, T., and Stevenson, N.J. (2022). Neutrophils in COVID-19: Not Innocent Bystanders. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864387"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reusch, N., De Domenico, E., Bonaguro, L., Schulte-Schrepping, J., Ba\u00dfler, K., Schultze, J.L., and Aschenbrenner, A.C. (2021). Neutrophils in COVID-19. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652470"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695","article-title":"A Program for Annotating and Predicting the Effects of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SnpEff","volume":"6","author":"Cingolani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fly"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23","article-title":"Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies: A Guide to Interpreting the Area under the Curve Value","volume":"23","author":"Aksel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o1431","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1431","article-title":"Comorbidities and Covid-19","volume":"377","author":"Adab","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00823-5","article-title":"Disease Severity-Specific Neutrophil Signatures in Blood Transcriptomes Stratify COVID-19 Patients","volume":"13","author":"Aschenbrenner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112890","article-title":"A Multi-Tissue Study of Immune Gene Expression Profiling Highlights the Key Role of the Nasal Epithelium in COVID-19 Severity","volume":"210","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13113","article-title":"Interferon Induction, Evasion, and Paradoxical Roles during SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"309","author":"Chiale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, T.T., and Zuniga, E.I. (2021). Type I Interferon Induction and Exhaustion during Viral Infection: Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Emerging COVID-19 Findings. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091839"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nachmani, D., Zimmermann, A., Oiknine Djian, E., Weisblum, Y., Livneh, Y., Khanh Le, V.T., Galun, E., Horejsi, V., Isakov, O., and Shomron, N. (2014). MicroRNA Editing Facilitates Immune Elimination of HCMV Infected Cells. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003963"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01952-6","article-title":"ADAR1p110 Promotes Enterovirus D68 Replication through Its Deaminase Domain and Inhibition of PKR Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, X., Luo, Y., Li, H., Guo, X., Chen, H., Ji, X., and Liang, H. (2022). RNA Editing Increases the Nucleotide Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in Human Host Cells. PLoS Genet., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010130"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13174","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae921","article-title":"Coronavirus S Protein Alters dsRNA Accumulation and Stress Granule Formation through Regulation of ADAR1-P150 Expression","volume":"52","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1319","article-title":"To Edit or Not to Edit: Regulation of ADAR Editing Specificity and Efficiency","volume":"7","author":"Deffit","year":"2016","journal-title":"WIREs RNA"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa305","article-title":"The Cell Line A-to-I RNA Editing Catalogue","volume":"48","author":"Schaffer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr461","article-title":"Deregulation of the A-to-I RNA Editing Mechanism in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Silberberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113150","article-title":"Inositol Hexakisphosphate Is Bound in the ADAR2 Core and Required for RNA Editing","volume":"309","author":"Macbeth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e05-06-0536","article-title":"SUMO-1 Modification Alters ADAR1 Editing Activity","volume":"16","author":"Desterro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.07.009","article-title":"Chronic Phencyclidine Administration Reduces the Expression and Editing of Specific Glutamate Receptors in Rat Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"208","author":"Barbon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135501","article-title":"RNA Editing by Adenosine Deaminases That Act on RNA","volume":"71","author":"Bass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mladenova, D., Barry, G., Konen, L.M., Pineda, S.S., Guennewig, B., Avesson, L., Zinn, R., Schonrock, N., Bitar, M., and Jonkhout, N. (2018). Adar3 Is Involved in Learning and Memory in Mice. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00243"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10801","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz815","article-title":"RNA Binding Candidates for Human ADAR3 from Substrates of a Gain of Function Mutant Expressed in Neuronal Cells","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24041","article-title":"Dynamic Landscape and Regulation of RNA Editing in Mammals","volume":"550","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"256","article-title":"The Many Roles of A-to-I RNA Editing in Animals: Functional or Adaptive?","volume":"28","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"FBL"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107875","article-title":"Absence of the Dolichol Synthesis Gene DHRSX Leads to N-Glycosylation Defects in Lec5 and Lec9 Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells","volume":"300","author":"Kentache","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.04.041","article-title":"A Pseudoautosomal Glycosylation Disorder Prompts the Revision of Dolichol Biosynthesis","volume":"187","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.13121","article-title":"N-Glycosylation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein at Asn331 and Asn343 Is Involved in Spike-ACE2 Binding, Virus Entry, and Regulation of IL-6","volume":"68","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, P., Praissman, J.L., Grant, O.C., Cai, Y., Xiao, T., Rosenbalm, K.E., Aoki, K., Kellman, B.P., Bridger, R., and Barouch, D.H. (2020). Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.25.172403"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240955","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2024-0955","article-title":"HLA-DRB5 Promotes Immune Thrombocytopenia via Activating CD8+ T Cells","volume":"19","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14621-5","article-title":"Cis- and Trans-Regulations of Pre-mRNA Splicing by RNA Editing Enzymes Influence Cancer Development","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-024-01216-6","article-title":"RNA Editing Enzymes: Structure, Biological Functions and Applications","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaah3941","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aah3941","article-title":"The RNA-Editing Enzyme ADAR Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Migration and Invasion by Stabilizing FAK","volume":"10","author":"Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Signal"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.019","article-title":"Analysis of Intron Sequences Reveals Hallmarks of Circular RNA Biogenesis in Animals","volume":"10","author":"Ivanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29138-2","article-title":"ADARs Act as Potent Regulators of Circular Transcriptome in Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138050","article-title":"Redirection of Silencing Targets by Adenosine-to-Inosine Editing of miRNAs","volume":"315","author":"Kawahara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0575-z","article-title":"Modulation of microRNA Editing, Expression and Processing by ADAR2 Deaminase in Glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000222","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00002-22","article-title":"Host Cellular RNA Helicases Regulate SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"96","author":"Ariumi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2021.1941880","article-title":"Blood Concentrations of Proapoptotic sFas and Antiapoptotic Bcl2 and COVID-19 Patient Mortality","volume":"21","author":"Lorente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11517","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14076","article-title":"Characterization of RNA Editome in Primary and Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinomas","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.10.001","article-title":"Global RNA Editing Identification and Characterization during Human Pluripotent-to-Cardiomyocyte Differentiation","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0101224","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.01012-24","article-title":"BALF Editome Profiling Reveals A-to-I RNA Editing Associated with Severity and Complications of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103035","article-title":"Increased RNA Editing Sites Revealed as Potential Novel Biomarkers for Diagnosis in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2010.06.001","article-title":"Age-Related Gene-Specific Changes of A-to-I mRNA Editing in the Human Brain","volume":"131","author":"Nicholas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak, F., Cohen-Fultheim, R., Thomaidou, S., de Brach\u00e8ne, A.C., Castela, A., Colli, M., Marchetti, P., Levanon, E., Eizirik, D., and Zaldumbide, A. (2022). ADAR1-Dependent Editing Regulates Human \u03b2 Cell Transcriptome Diversity during Inflammation. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1058345"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.052","article-title":"Corticosteroids: The Drugs to Beat","volume":"533","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1884286","article-title":"Corticosteroids and Tocilizumab Reduce In-Hospital Mortality in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Study in a Spanish Hospital","volume":"53","author":"Gasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102329","article-title":"Increased Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"106","author":"Vlachogiannis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx129","article-title":"Elucidating the Editome: Bioinformatics Approaches for RNA Editing Detection","volume":"20","author":"Diroma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E131","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00175.2020","article-title":"ADAR1 Deficiency Protects against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice","volume":"320","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, \u00c9., Cseh, V., Barcs, I., and Ludwig, E. (2023). The Impact of Comorbidities and Obesity on the Severity and Outcome of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients\u2014A Retrospective Study in a Hungarian Hospital. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021372"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plonski, N.-M., Johnson, E., Frederick, M., Mercer, H., Fraizer, G., Meindl, R., Casadesus, G., and Piontkivska, H. (2020). Automated Isoform Diversity Detector (AIDD): A Pipeline for Investigating Transcriptome Diversity of RNA-Seq Data. BMC Bioinform., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03888-6"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: A Fast Spliced Aligner with Low Memory Requirements","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3122","article-title":"StringTie Enables Improved Reconstruction of a Transcriptome from RNA-Seq Reads","volume":"33","author":"Pertea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110","article-title":"The Genome Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce Framework for Analyzing next-Generation DNA Sequencing Data","volume":"20","author":"McKenna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-022-02676-0","article-title":"RNA Modification Mapping with JACUSA2","volume":"23","author":"Piechotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.308","article-title":"dbSNP: The NCBI Database of Genetic Variation","volume":"29","author":"Sherry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq603","article-title":"ANNOVAR: Functional Annotation of Genetic Variants from High-Throughput Sequencing Data","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0610-9","article-title":"Genome-Wide Quantification of ADAR Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing Activity","volume":"16","author":"Roth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30531-0","article-title":"Cellular and Genetic Drivers of RNA Editing Variation in the Human Brain","volume":"13","author":"Dredge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D750","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw767","article-title":"REDIportal: A Comprehensive Database of A-to-I RNA Editing Events in Humans","volume":"45","author":"Picardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: A Bioconductor Package for Differential Expression Analysis of Digital Gene Expression Data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033","article-title":"BEDTools: A Flexible Suite of Utilities for Comparing Genomic Features","volume":"26","author":"Quinlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.849004","article-title":"WebLogo: A Sequence Logo Generator","volume":"14","author":"Crooks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg7492","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg7492","article-title":"Accurate Proteome-Wide Missense Variant Effect Prediction with AlphaMissense","volume":"381","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence, M., Huber, W., Pag\u00e8s, H., Aboyoun, P., Carlson, M., Gentleman, R., Morgan, M.T., and Carey, V.J. (2013). Software for Computing and Annotating Genomic Ranges. PLoS Comput. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003118"},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and Regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.-C., and M\u00fcller, M. (2011). pROC: An Open-Source Package for R and S+ to Analyze and Compare ROC Curves. BMC Bioinform., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty373","article-title":"The Revival of the Gini Importance?","volume":"34","author":"Nembrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:02:43Z","timestamp":1785344563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156809","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}