{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:08:36Z","timestamp":1785413316889,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A(H3N2) remains a significant public health threat due to its rapid antigenic drift, which often compromises vaccine effectiveness. This study characterized the molecular and epidemiological profile of hemagglutinin (HA) variants circulating in Western Mexico throughout 2022. Among 476 positive cases, A(H3N2) was the predominant subtype (88%), with infection peaks during epidemiological weeks (EW) 1, 45, and 46. Sanger sequencing of the HA gene identified 64 amino acid substitutions, with 85.9% of the substitutions located in the HA1 subunit, primarily within the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Homology modeling and molecular docking were performed on five representative variants: C156S, D158N, Y159N, C136S, and L227P. All variants exhibited a slight decrease in binding affinity for sialic acid compared to the 1HGE reference. Notably, while mutations such as D158N and Y159N remodeled the interaction network, Glu190 and His183 remained critical for stabilizing the HA-ligand complex through hydrogen bonds and non-covalent interactions in the structural models. These structural findings suggest that contemporary mutations in the RBD may contribute to changes in receptor-binding interactions while preserving key structural features associated with host cell attachment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:38:54Z","timestamp":1785411534000},"page":"6833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Influenza A(H3N2) Hemagglutinin Variants Circulating in Western Mexico, 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8530-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen M","family":"Hernandez-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Microbiolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4744-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahtziri Socorro","family":"Carranza-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Disciplinas Filos\u00f3ficas, Metodol\u00f3gicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2272-9260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3964-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Alfonso","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra Natali","family":"Vega-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Diagn\u00f3stico en Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Pereira-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3562-7033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar Arturo","family":"Nava-Valdivia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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