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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of body composition (BC) is of increasing clinical and research relevance, as it provides a detailed characterization of metabolic status beyond traditional anthropometric indices such as body mass index (BMI). BC describes the quantitative ratio of fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM)\u2014including skeletal muscle and internal organs\u2014and bone mineral density (BMD). The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying specific BC phenotypes arise from a complex interplay of endocrine, metabolic, inflammatory, and genetic factors. Given the shared pathways involved in phenotype formation, the study of BC alterations across different diseases holds promise for predicting complications and identifying common therapeutic targets. This review aims to systematize current knowledge on combined BC phenotypes\u2014sarcopenic obesity, osteosarcopenia, osteopenic obesity, and osteosarcopenic obesity\u2014and to explore their pathogenetic unity, with particular emphasis on type 1 diabetes mellitus as a dynamic model of sequential phenotypic shifts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:15:00Z","timestamp":1785428100000},"page":"6852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus as a Model of Body Composition Transformation: Pathogenetic Unity of Combined Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Gizatullina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Akhiiarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7045-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildar","family":"Minniakhmetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8643-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Khusainova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mokrysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Endocrinology Research Centre, 117292 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Tyurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548284","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3548284","article-title":"Assessment of Body Composition in Health and Disease Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA): A Critical Overview","volume":"2019","author":"Marra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. 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