{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:56:00Z","timestamp":1791982560553,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected approximately 778 million people worldwide since the pandemic. Patients who have survived coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may experience long-term symptoms related to cognitive deficits, mood changes, and depressive disorders. The mechanisms underlying the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the brain are being actively investigated. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers various mechanisms, such as hyperstimulation of the immune response, which may lead to changes in the central nervous system. In this article, we review the evidence linking COVID-19 to neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment. Current research indicates that patients with pre-existing cognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits have a poorer prognosis after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and patients who have survived COVID-19 may be at increased risk of developing dementia and mood disorders. We analyse the available evidence regarding SARS-CoV-2 brain infection, induction of inflammation, coagulopathy, and blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction as possible mechanisms underlying the disorders in the acute phase of COVID-19 disease and contributing to the development of neurodegenerative disorders in long COVID. Viral infection can trigger inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to damage and contributing to the development of cognitive dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"6897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Consequences of Long COVID"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0712-1222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza","family":"Marek-J\u00f3zefowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Dr. Jurasz University Hospital in Bydgoszcz, 9 Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Mazovian University in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Borkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, The Mazovian University in P\u0142ock, 09-402 P\u0142ock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Nedoszytko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wies\u0142aw Jerzy","family":"Cuba\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki St. 7 Build. 25, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6089-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Purzycka-Bohdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Physiology Unit, Medical Simulation Centre, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3496-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bohdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)92364-6","article-title":"Cultivation of viruses from a high proportion of patients with colds","volume":"287","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01255-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants: Biology, pathogenicity, immunity, and control","volume":"24","author":"Uraki","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. 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