{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:18:51Z","timestamp":1792552731332,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocrine-disrupting pesticides (EDPs) are environmental toxicants capable of perturbing hormonal homeostasis through multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms. Growing evidence indicates that these compounds contribute to a broad spectrum of adverse health outcomes extending beyond classical endocrine dysfunction. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the toxicological mechanisms of EDPs and evaluates epidemiological evidence linking exposure to human disease. Mechanistically, EDPs act through modulation of nuclear hormone receptors, disruption of membrane-associated signaling pathways, interference with hormone synthesis, metabolism, and transport, induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic reprogramming. These molecular events converge on shared biological pathways that affect multiple organ systems and life stages. Human and experimental evidence associates EDP exposure with reproductive dysfunction, endocrine-related cancers, metabolic disorders, thyroid abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental impairments. Particular concern surrounds exposure during critical windows of susceptibility, especially prenatal development and early childhood, when endocrine systems are highly vulnerable to disruption and developmental programming. Across disease endpoints, recurring mechanisms, including endocrine receptor perturbation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic alterations, support a unifying toxicological framework linking diverse adverse outcomes. Despite substantial progress, important uncertainties remain regarding chronic low-dose exposure, non-monotonic dose\u2013response relationships, cumulative effects of pesticide mixtures, and the translation of mechanistic findings into human risk assessment. Future research should integrate repeated biomonitoring, advanced mixture modeling, mechanistic biomarkers, and multi-omics approaches within longitudinal life-course studies. Improved integration of toxicological and epidemiological evidence will strengthen causal inference, refine hazard characterization, and support more protective regulatory strategies for reducing the human health burden associated with endocrine-disrupting pesticides worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"6928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Endocrine-Disrupting Pesticides as Drivers of Human Disease: Mechanistic Toxicology and Life-Course Health Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6024-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour El-Hoda","family":"Zidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Alshaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology, Albert K\u00e1zm\u00e9r Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r Faculty, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevien","family":"Elhawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology, Albert K\u00e1zm\u00e9r Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r Faculty, Sz\u00e9chenyi Istv\u00e1n University, 9026 Gy\u0151r, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Elhamalawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Bio-agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5115-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farag","family":"Malhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3611-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawzy","family":"Eissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Bio-agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.10.6216","article-title":"Interaction of Estrogenic Chemicals and Phytoestrogens with Estrogen Receptor \u03b2","volume":"139","author":"Kuiper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthiessen, P. 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