{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:47:30Z","timestamp":1785905250273,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007053","name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2024-00394769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00394769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00394769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00394769"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zq38y32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003716","name":"Korea Basic Science Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-02317725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02317725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003716","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-02317725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02317725"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0417sdw47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002560","name":"Soonchunhyang University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qjsrb10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anodic corrosion of Al alloy electrodes limits their use as anodes in alkaline aluminum\u2013air batteries. Na2SO4- and Al2(SO4)3-containing formulations were compared at matched nominal sulfate-group inputs but different formulation-derived Na and Al inputs. Aqueous 2 M NaOH was mixed with 0.3 M Na2SO4 or 0.1 M Al2(SO4)3 solution at NaOH:additive-solution volume ratios of 7:3, 5:5, and 3:7, and Al\u2013Mg\u2013Sn\u2013Gd\u2013P alloy electrodes were evaluated in a three-electrode configuration. All galvanostatic tests passed the same external charge of 160 mAh. Mass-loss-normalized anodic charge (Q\u0394m) is reported as an operational metric normalized by the net post-discharge electrode mass decrease, not as conventional battery capacity or efficiency. The Al2(SO4)3-containing formulations showed higher Q\u0394m values; at the 3:7 ratio, Q\u0394m increased from 917 to 1894 mAh g\u22121. Potentiodynamic polarization yielded lower polarization-derived apparent corrosion current densities and higher polarization resistances, while potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed larger interfacial impedance responses in the Al2(SO4)3-containing series. Scanning electron microscopy showed electrolyte-dependent post-discharge morphologies. These results establish sulfate-source-dependent differences in anodic, polarization, impedance, and morphological responses under matched nominal sulfate-group input without isolating the effect of a single Na- or Al-containing species, establishing the presence or chemical identity of a distinct interfacial film, or demonstrating improved full-cell performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"6950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sulfate-Source-Dependent Anodic Discharge and Apparent Corrosion Response of Al Alloy Electrodes in Alkaline Electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soon-Ki","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Future Convergence Technology, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro 22-gil, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro 22-gil, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Advanced Energy Research Center, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro 22-gil, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro 22-gil, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1907-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeonwoo","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Future Convergence Technology, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro 22-gil, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5124-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangyup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Future Convergence Technology, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro 22-gil, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seunga","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Future Convergence Technology, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang-ro 22-gil, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si 31538, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2022.08.032","article-title":"Sustainable aqueous metal\u2013air batteries: An insight into electrolyte system","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2017.06.006","article-title":"A comprehensive review on recent progress in aluminum\u2013air batteries","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.01.141","article-title":"Developments in electrode materials and electrolytes for aluminium\u2013air batteries","volume":"236","author":"Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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