{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:49:55Z","timestamp":1785905395114,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most frequent cancer types and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. For this reason, initial diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of NSCLC represent very attractive areas of study. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) generated through Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX); they are able to bind to a molecular target with high affinity and specificity. Thanks to their intrinsic nucleic acid properties, they can be easily modified and optimized to enhance target binding and their half-life; moreover, they exhibit no immunogenicity and toxicity. Due to this, many aptamers have just been selected against NSCLC biomarkers and provide specific imaging agents to improve the diagnosis of this type of cancer. However, despite the promising results in preclinical studies, the application of aptamers in NSCLC diagnosis is still in its early stages, mainly due to the limited literature in the research world, the dominance of antibodies in the pharmaceutical market and the challenge of target identification. Consequently, this appears to be a temporary issue, and aptamers could see increasing application in the future; thus, we performed a review aimed at summarizing current knowledge on the new promising DNA and RNA aptamer-based molecules for NSCLC diagnosis. All studies from 2000 were included and investigated. Our findings showed that several DNA and RNA aptamers are promising diagnostic tools for NSCLC management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1785761876000},"page":"6957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in Aptamer Diagnostics Targeting Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5923-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Agnello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Affinito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Lucia","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endotypes in Oncology, Metabolism and Immunology \u201cG. Salvatore\u201d (IEOMI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Catuogno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endotypes in Oncology, Metabolism and Immunology \u201cG. Salvatore\u201d (IEOMI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1394-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerolama","family":"Condorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endotypes in Oncology, Metabolism and Immunology \u201cG. Salvatore\u201d (IEOMI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80146 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6537-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Nuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, 80146 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nooreldeen, R., and Bach, H. (2021). Current and Future Development in Lung Cancer Diagnosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168661"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLean, A.E.B., Barnes, D.J., and Troy, L.K. (2018). Diagnosing Lung Cancer: The Complexities of Obtaining a Tissue Diagnosis in the Era of Minimally Invasive and Personalised Medicine. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7070163"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2017-0388-CP","article-title":"Updated Molecular Testing Guideline for the Selection of Lung Cancer Patients for Treatment with Targeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Guideline from the College of American Pathologists, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the Association for Molecular Pathology","volume":"142","author":"Lindeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.24","article-title":"Inter-tumor heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044238","article-title":"EGFR Mutation and Resistance of Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer to Gefitinib","volume":"352","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141478","article-title":"MET Amplification Leads to Gefitinib Resistance in Lung Cancer by Activating ERBB3 Signaling","volume":"316","author":"Engelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00639-9","article-title":"Third-generation EGFR and ALK inhibitors: Mechanisms of resistance and management","volume":"19","author":"Cooper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment: RNA Ligands to Bacteriophage T4 DNA Polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/346818a0","article-title":"In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands","volume":"346","author":"Ellington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, G., and Menger, M.M. (2023). Nucleic Acid Aptamers: Selection, Characterization, and Application, Springer. Methods in Molecular Biology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2695-5"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Z., and Xiang, J. (2020). Aptamers, the Nucleic Acid Antibodies, in Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082793"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.03.040","article-title":"Nucleic acid-based drug delivery strategies","volume":"323","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.102046","article-title":"Targeting lung cancer with clinically relevant EGFR mutations using anti-EGFR RNA aptamer","volume":"34","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117319","article-title":"Reagentless aptamer based on the ultrasensitive and fast response electrochemical capacitive biosensor for EGFR detection in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"278","author":"Ganbold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339066","article-title":"A highly specific aptamer probe targeting PD-L1 in tumor tissue sections: Mutation favors specificity","volume":"1185","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN00182E","article-title":"PD-L1 aptamer isolation via Modular-SELEX and its applications in cancer cell detection and tumor tissue section imaging","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202211505","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202211505","article-title":"Programmable Assembly of Multivalent DNA-Protein Superstructures for Tumor Imaging and Targeted Therapy","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1021\/ac400606e","article-title":"One-Pot Synthesized Aptamer-Functionalized CdTe:Zn2+ Quantum Dots for Tumor-Targeted Fluorescence Imaging in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23279","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161023279","article-title":"Liver Toxicity of Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots (CdTe QDs) Due to Oxidative Stress in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN01145K","article-title":"A recognition-before-labeling strategy for sensitive detection of lung cancer cells with a quantum dot\u2013aptamer complex","volume":"140","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.11.029","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and high specific detection of non-small-cell lung cancer cells in human serum and clinical pleural effusion by aptamer-based fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"179","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02916-x","article-title":"Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensing strategy toward human non-small cell lung cancer using polyacrylonitrile\/polypyrrole nanofibers","volume":"412","author":"Kivrak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.07.012","article-title":"Ultrasensitive cytosensing based on an aptamer modified nanobiosensor with a bioconjugate: Detection of human non-small-cell lung cancer cells","volume":"74","author":"Mir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AY02183E","article-title":"Nanoparticle-aptamer based cytosensing for the detection of human non-small cell lung cancer cells","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.343276","article-title":"A liquid crystal-decorated aptasensing gadget for rapid monitoring of A549 cells: Future portable test kit for lung cancer diagnosis","volume":"1330","author":"Khoshbin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01344","article-title":"Preclinical Evaluation of68 Ga-Labeled SL1 Aptamer for c-Met Targeted PET Imaging","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115966","article-title":"Demethylation-activated light-up dual-color RNA aptamersensor for label-free detection of multiple demethylases in lung tissues","volume":"247","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101397","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202101397","article-title":"Temperature-Feedback Nanoplatform for NIR-II Penta-Modal Imaging-Guided Synergistic Photothermal Therapy and CAR-NK Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamay, G.S., Kolovskaya, O.S., Ivanchenko, T.I., Zamay, T.N., Veprintsev, D.V., Grigorieva, V.L., Garanzha, I.I., Krat, A.V., Glazyrin, Y.E., and Gargaun, A. (2019). Development of DNA Aptamers to Native EpCAM for Isolation of Lung Circulating Tumor Cells from Human Blood. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11030351"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117236","article-title":"A facile liquid biopsy assay for highly efficient CTCs capture and reagent-less monitoring of immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression on CTCs with non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"275","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02029","article-title":"Glucometer Readout for Portable Detection of Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells in Lung Cancer Captured on a Dual Aptamer Functionalized Wrinkled Cellulose Hydrogel Interface","volume":"8","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310360","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202310360","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cell Phenotype Detection and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Tracking Based on Dual Biomarker Co-Recognition in an Integrated PDMS Chip","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.125220","article-title":"Efficient detection of single circulating tumor cell in blood using Raman mapping based on Aptamer-SERS bio-probe coupled with micropore membrane filtration","volume":"267","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801231","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801231","article-title":"A Microwell-Assisted Multiaptamer Immunomagnetic Platform for Capture and Genetic Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201503188","article-title":"Enhanced and Differential Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells from Lung Cancer Patients by Microfluidic Assays Using Aptamer Cocktail","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128613","article-title":"Microfluidic chip coupled with photoelectrochemical\/fluorescence dual-modal sensing system for the efficient enrichment and detection of circulating tumor cells","volume":"297","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.343312","article-title":"Mass-tagged self-assembled nanoprobe reveals the transport of PD-L1 from cancer cells to tumor-educated platelets","volume":"1331","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01845-y","article-title":"Microporous PdCuB nanotag-based electrochemical aptasensor with Au@CuCl2 nanowires interface for ultrasensitive detection of PD-L1-positive exosomes in the serum of lung cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128077","article-title":"Diagnosis of PD-L1 related non-small cell lung cancer from micro-liters blood","volume":"293","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c01614","article-title":"Single-Step and Highly Sensitive Imaging of Exosomal PD-L1 through Aptamer-Activated Cascade Primer Exchange Reaction-Generated Branched DNA Nanostructures","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18166","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03715","article-title":"Methylene Blue-Stained Single-Stranded DNA Aptamers as a Highly Efficient Electronic Switch for Quasi-Reagentless Exosomes Detection: An Old Dog with New Tricks","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34493","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c02346","article-title":"Dual-Modal Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Exosomes Utilizing Two-Dimensional Nanopaper Co@g-C3 N4 @PB","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-024-00582-y","article-title":"Visual dual-mode aptasensor for non-small cell lung cancer exosome detection via HRP self-coupling enhanced oxidized iridium nanoparticle aggregation","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01833-2","article-title":"Ratiometric electrochemical OR gate assay for NSCLC-derived exosomes","volume":"21","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114802","article-title":"Biocompatible engineered erythrocytes as plasmonic sensor initiators for high-sensitive screening of non-small cell lung cancer-derived exosomal miRNA in an integrated system","volume":"219","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2020.113591","article-title":"Development of a lateral flow aptamer assay strip for facile identification of theranostic exosomes isolated from human lung carcinoma cells","volume":"594","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2016.09.012","article-title":"Development of a Protein Biomarker Panel to Detect Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Korea","volume":"18","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e342","article-title":"Clinical Validation of a Protein Biomarker Panel for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostroff, R.M., Bigbee, W.L., Franklin, W., Gold, L., Mehan, M., Miller, Y.E., Pass, H.I., Rom, W.N., Siegfried, J.M., and Stewart, A. (2010). Unlocking Biomarker Discovery: Large Scale Application of Aptamer Proteomic Technology for Early Detection of Lung Cancer. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/npre.2010.4537.1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gold, L., Ayers, D., Bertino, J., Bock, C., Bock, A., Brody, E.N., Carter, J., Dalby, A.B., Eaton, B.E., and Fitzwater, T. (2010). Aptamer-Based Multiplexed Proteomic Technology for Biomarker Discovery. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015004"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c07217","article-title":"Serum Protein Fishing for Machine Learning-Boosted Diagnostic Classification of Small Nodules of Lung","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7062","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.408649","article-title":"Highly sensitive detection of cytochrome c in the NSCLC serum using a hydrophobic paper based\u2013gold nanourchin substrate","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19874","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c03061","article-title":"Proteome Fishing for CRISPR\/Cas12a-Based Orthogonal Multiplex Aptamer Sensing","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, M., Strom, M., Hammond, D.S., and Shigdar, S. (2019). Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better: Can Aptamers Replace Antibodies in Clinical Diagnostic Applications?. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234377"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.05.029","article-title":"Implications and pitfalls for cancer diagnostics exploiting extracellular vesicles","volume":"175","author":"Brachner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.19718","article-title":"RNA-binding protein nucleolin in disease","volume":"9","author":"Abdelmohsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7655","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180718164712","article-title":"Cancer Biomarker Discovery for Precision Medicine: New Progress","volume":"26","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"100991","article-title":"Toxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): A review","volume":"26","author":"Sani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233717706633","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of cobalt oxide nanoparticle-induced toxicity","volume":"33","author":"Abudayyak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"13","article-title":"Prussian blue as an antidote for radioactive thallium and cesium poisoning","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orphan Drugs Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00735A","article-title":"A review on zirconium-based metal\u2013organic frameworks: Synthetic approaches and biomedical applications","volume":"5","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1955","article-title":"Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF aptamer for ocular vascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.12.011","article-title":"Avacincaptad Pegol for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"133","author":"Khanani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-013-0045-6","article-title":"A phase II trial of AS1411 (a novel nucleolin-targeted DNA aptamer) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.7019","article-title":"Randomized phase II trial of the nucleolin targeting aptamer AS1411 combined with high-dose cytarabine in relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML)","volume":"27","author":"Stuart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6957\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:25:21Z","timestamp":1785903921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/6957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27156957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27156957","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}