{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:49:00Z","timestamp":1785905340043,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81170823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81170823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["81170823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81170823"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["2020YDDF0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YDDF0043"]}]},{"name":"Major Special Project of Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Province","award":["2021BEG01001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BEG01001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease is one of the most prevalent diseases on the ocular surface, which can cause discomfort and visual impairment in patients. As a chronic disorder, dry eye can be caused by various factors, including reduced tear film stability, increased tear osmotic pressure and inflammation response on the ocular surface. Due to its complex and still unclear pathogenesis, many challenges related to the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye must be addressed through animal studies. An ideal animal model for dry eye is essential to the research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. However, there is a lack of comprehensive systematic reviews evaluating diverse methodologies employed in the development of related animal models. This review summarizes the principles, methodologies, and characteristics of different dry eye animal models, aiming to provide references for selecting relevant dry eye models for drug modeling, lacrimal gland resection, meibomian gland dysfunction, autoimmune, and environmental modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"6977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Review of the Principles, Methodologies and Characteristics of Dry Eye Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, National Clinical Key Specialty of Ophthalmology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-2271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1044-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yau Kei","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3892-2039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, National Clinical Key Specialty of Ophthalmology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410028, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. 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