{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:46:58Z","timestamp":1785923218076,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exosomes are small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin that play pivotal roles in intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids. Increasing evidence indicates that these vesicles participate in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including immune regulation, tissue repair, tumor progression, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular homeostasis. Their distinctive biological properties have consequently generated considerable interest in their development as diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and drug-delivery platforms. Recent progress in exosome biology and biogenesis, together with technological advances in vesicle isolation, characterization, engineering, and large-scale production, has accelerated their preclinical development and early clinical translation. Nevertheless, substantial challenges\u2014including donor-cell heterogeneity, low production yields, insufficiently standardized protocols, and regulatory uncertainty\u2014must be addressed before widespread clinical implementation can be achieved. This narrative review integrates current knowledge of exosome biology, diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and engineering strategies. It further examines major translational barriers and outlines future priorities for advancing exosome-based technologies toward precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27156979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"6979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exosomes as Emerging Therapeutic and Diagnostic Platforms: Biological Functions, Clinical Applications, and Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Chin-Yin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woei-Cherng","family":"Shyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 411, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long-Bin","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syuan-Ling","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 411, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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