{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:14:09Z","timestamp":1786115649097,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002553","name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024-1010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024-1010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00chfja07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Okra is a flavonoid-rich food known to confer a variety of health benefits and have extensive therapeutic characteristics. In this study, okra seeds at five stages of development (youngest, young, intermediate, mature and fully mature) were assessed for secondary metabolite content using 70% methanol. Extracts from mature seeds were found to contain the highest accumulation of total polyphenol content (TPC) (536.65 \u00b1 80.13 mg GAE\/g), total flavonoid content (TFC) (234.73 \u00b1 45.58 mg ISE\/g), DPPH scavenging activity (70.11%) and ABTS+ activity (75.19%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that in fully mature seed extracts, quercetin (148.14 \u00b1 11.01 mg\/kg) is abundant, while isoquercetin and quercertin-3-O-gentibiose are respectively abundant in the youngest (5205.02 \u00b1 48.54 mg\/kg) and mature seeds (12,396.48 \u00b1 77.54 mg\/kg). Mature seed extracts also exhibited the highest activity against nitric oxide (NO) production and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) in lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS) RAW 264.7 cells. The findings from this study showed that secondary metabolite accumulation in okra seeds varies at different stages of development. Thus, determining the bioactive compounds at different levels of seed development is considered essential for potential pharmacological advancements in biologically significant plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27157002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:38:08Z","timestamp":1785839888000},"page":"7002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites in Various Stages of Okra Seed Development and Their Anti-Inflammatory Potential Against IL-1\u00df"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Lorrenne","family":"Caburatan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joonho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232-Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Functional Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232-Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9404383","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9404383","article-title":"The effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) 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