{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:07:25Z","timestamp":1785852445790,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol consumption has been increasingly associated with alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolic activity; however, evidence regarding microbiota-derived metabolites remains fragmented. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the effects of alcohol consumption on gut microbiota-derived metabolites in humans and non-human primates. The review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included studies published between 2012 and 2026. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale for human studies and the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) Risk of Bias tool for non-human primate studies. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising four non-human primate studies and eight human studies. Alcohol exposure was consistently associated with metabolomic alterations across multiple biological matrices. Recurrent findings included reductions in short-chain fatty acids, alterations in tryptophan-derived metabolites, changes in phenolic and aromatic amino acid-related compounds such as hippuric acid, and disturbances in bile acid and purine metabolism. Findings regarding microbial diversity and taxonomic composition were more heterogeneous, with several studies reporting reduced abundances of Faecalibacterium and related butyrate-producing taxa. Studies evaluating abstinence suggested partial recovery of both microbial and metabolomic alterations. Overall, the available evidence suggests that alcohol consumption is associated with alterations across several microbiota-related metabolic pathways, highlighting candidate metabolites that may contribute to alcohol-related pathophysiology and serve as potential translational biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27157012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:42:36Z","timestamp":1785850956000},"page":"7012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alcohol Consumption and Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Primates: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Yenny Trinidad","family":"Fierro-Salgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research Group (NBC), School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Reiriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research Group (NBC), School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Calleja-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research Group (NBC), School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Cintado-Alzate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research Group (NBC), School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kora-Mareen","family":"B\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9008-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Morales-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6305-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gin\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Echeverry-Alzate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research Group (NBC), School of Life and Nature Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandrescu, L., Tofolean, I.T., Tofolean, D.E., Nicoara, A.D., Twakor, A.N., Rusu, E., Preotesoiu, I., Dumitru, E., Dumitru, A., and Tocia, C. 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