{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:47:29Z","timestamp":1785923249692,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP125199A92791C5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP125199A92791C5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR2241906D527AF4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2241906D527AF4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RP125199A92791C5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP125199A92791C5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02be6w209","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["AR2241906D527AF4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR2241906D527AF4"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02be6w209","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acetyl L-carnitine is an ester of the trimethylated amino acid L-carnitine with well-documented neuroprotective properties. Despite its ability to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier, acetyl L-carnitine requires high and repeated doses to achieve and maintain therapeutic concentrations in the central nervous system. To overcome these limitations, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to improve drug bioavailability, targeting, and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of nanoparticle-based formulations of acetyl L-carnitine in comparison with its conventional bulk form using in vitro cultures of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. The ALC nanoparticles were produced through an organic solvent-free mechanical ball milling process employing a planetary ball mill. The dimension and stability of the nanoparticles were analyzed by Dynamic Light Scattering and Thermogravimetric Analysis. The biological effects were evaluated using quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and immunofluorescence experiments. ALC nanoparticles, at low concentration of nanoparticles compared to the non-nanoparticle form, were able to decrease the alarmin S100B release, pro-inflammatory interleukin mRNA and protein expression as well as p65 activation, confirming their involvement in NF-\u03baB pathway. Moreover, it was able to stimulate the nerve growth factor release and to increase intracellular Ca++ levels, showing neuroprotective effects in addition to anti-inflammatory ones. Our findings allow us to highlight the therapeutic potential of ALC nanoparticles for neurological disorders, with the prospect of enhancing efficacy while reducing dosage and administration frequency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27157024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:16:22Z","timestamp":1785921382000},"page":"7024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acetyl L-Carnitine Nanoparticles Modulate Neuronal and Inflammatory Responses in In Vitro Cell Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9569-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Mariano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BeSSA Department of Wellbeing, Health and Environmental Sustainability, Sapienza University of Rome, 02100 Rieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9419-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetta","family":"Brugnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-2334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iolanda","family":"Francolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9452-2456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Ammendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambiotec di Sergio Ammendola, Via Appia Nord 47, 04012 Cisterna di Latina,  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3323-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Scotto d\u2019Abusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-026-00826-x","article-title":"Acetyl-l-Carnitine in the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathies: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Fornasari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennisi, M., Lanza, G., Cantone, M., D\u2019Amico, E., Fisicaro, F., Puglisi, V., Vinciguerra, L., Bella, R., Vicari, E., and Malaguarnera, G. (2020). Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Dementia and Other Cognitive Disorders: A Critical Update. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051389"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Pan, D., Liu, Q., Chen, X., and Wang, S. (2024). L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Manifestations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081232"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9361-5","article-title":"ALCAR Exerts Neuroprotective and Pro-Neurogenic Effects by Inhibition of Glial Activation and Oxidative Stress via Activation of the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling in Parkinsonian Rats","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.05.017","article-title":"ALCAR promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis by regulating cell-survival and cell death-related signals in rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease like-phenotypes","volume":"108","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(05)80117-3","article-title":"l-carnitine and carnitine ester transport in the rat small intestine","volume":"23","author":"Marciani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00479","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Carnitine and Its Potential Application to Ameliorate Neurotoxicity","volume":"34","author":"Latham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Muhammad, K., and Waheed, Y. (2023). Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare and Medicine. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186624"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2012.05.013","article-title":"The big picture on nanomedicine: The state of investigational and approved nanomedicine products","volume":"9","author":"Etheridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, T., Kar Mahapatra, D., Esmaeili, A., Piszczyk, \u0141., Hasanin, M., Kattali, M., Haponiuk, J., and Thomas, S. (2023). Nanoparticles: Taking a Unique Position in Medicine. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13030574"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf, A., Almotairy, A.R.Z., Henidi, H., Alshehri, O.Y., and Aldughaim, M.S. (2023). Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles\u2019 Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071596"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2026.101929","article-title":"Green synthesis methods for nanoparticles: Principles, biological routes, and physicochemical approaches toward sustainable nanotechnology","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7599","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm00872a","article-title":"New opportunities for materials synthesis using mechanochemistry","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05417-z","article-title":"Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Review","volume":"63","author":"Kochman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190062","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190062","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier in health and disease: Important unanswered questions","volume":"217","author":"Profaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101457","article-title":"Utilization of nanotechnology to surmount the blood-brain barrier in disorders of the central nervous system","volume":"31","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariano, A., Bigioni, I., Ammendola, S., and Scotto d\u2019Abusco, A. (2023). The Formulation of the N-Acetylglucosamine as Nanoparticles Increases Its Anti-Inflammatory Activities: An In Vitro Study. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10030343"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchetti, M., De Berardis, B., Bigioni, I., Mariano, A., Superti, F., and Scotto d\u2019Abusco, A. (2023). In Vitro Antiviral and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of N-Acetylglucosamine: Development of an Alternative and Safe Approach to Fight Viral Respiratory Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065129"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariano, A., Scotto d\u2019Abusco, A., and Ammendola, S. (2024). A Rheological Study of Creams and Gels Containing N-Acetyl Glucosamine in Nanoparticle Form: The Advantages of a Bioengineered Strategy for Natural Anti-Inflammatory Substance Vehiculation. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app142411752"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115597","article-title":"Overexpression of S100B promotes depressive-like behaviors in stroke-induced rats by modulating the PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"488","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez, M. (2025). Relationship of S100 Proteins with Neuroinflammation. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081125"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe","volume":"186","author":"Blasco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.11.010","article-title":"Increased post-mitotic senescence in aged human neurons is a pathological feature of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Herdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201708092","article-title":"Senescence and aging: Causes, consequences, and therapeutic avenues","volume":"217","author":"McHugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.02.001","article-title":"Chronic Low-grade Inflammatory Phenotype (CLIP) and Senescent Immune Dysregulation","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.371","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine permeability across the blood-brain barrier and involvement of carnitine transporter OCTN2","volume":"24","author":"Inano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biopharm. Drug Dispos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00621.x","article-title":"Functional relevance of carnitine transporter OCTN2 to brain distribution of L-carnitine and acetyl-L -carnitine across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"79","author":"Kido","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104198","article-title":"Acetyl carnitine modified liposomes elevate cisplatin uptake in macrophage and cancer cells","volume":"81","author":"Zahednezhad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, L.M., Cruz-Angeles, J., V\u00e1zquez-D\u00e1vila, M., Mart\u00ednez, E., Cabada, P., Navarrete-Bernal, C., and Cortez, F. (2022). Mechanical Activation by Ball Milling as a Strategy to Prepare Highly Soluble Pharmaceutical Formulations in the Form of Co-Amorphous, Co-Crystals, or Polymorphs. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102003"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121424","article-title":"Ball milling and hot-melt extrusion of indomethacin\u2013l-arginine\u2013vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer: Solid-state properties and dissolution performance","volume":"613","author":"Iemtsev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA09860B","article-title":"Amino acid mediated mesopore formation in LTA zeolites","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-026-02448-1","article-title":"L-Carnitine Functionalized Iron Oxide (LC@Fe3O4) Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterisation and Applications in Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity","volume":"16","author":"Yogeshwari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bionanoscience"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Restrepo, I., Vel\u00e1squez, E., Galotto, M., and Guarda, A. (2025). Influence of the Molar Mass and Concentration of the Polyvinylpyrrolidone on the Physical\u2013Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid for Food Packaging. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17162218"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2022.107786","article-title":"Effects of polyphenols on the thermal decomposition, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1993.070500312","article-title":"Study of the thermal degradation of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) by thermogravimetry\u2013FTIR","volume":"50","author":"Peniche","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17883","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT02964C","article-title":"Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in nanoparticle synthesis","volume":"44","author":"Koczkur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s43207-021-00179-5","article-title":"Effects of di-ammonium citrate: Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a complexion dispersants on 3Y-TZP slurries and sintered body properties","volume":"59","author":"Sinaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korean Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.1039\/b924702e","article-title":"A simple method to synthesize multifunctional silica nanocomposites, NPs@SiO2, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a mediator","volume":"20","author":"Cha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings4020340","article-title":"Polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone to form a neutral coating on anionic nanomaterials in aqueous suspension for rapid sedimentation","volume":"4","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, N. (2023). Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes as Flocculants and Retention Aids in Wet-End Papermaking. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28247984"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.10.249","article-title":"Drug Delivery to the CNS and Polymeric Nanoparticulate Carriers","volume":"2","author":"Costantino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e1jera-Maldonado, L., Parra-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Peralta-Cuevas, E., Gutierrez-Onofre, A.J., Garcia-Atutxa, I., and Villanueva-Flores, F. (2025). Cracking the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Code: Rational Nanomaterial Design for Next-Generation Neurological Therapies. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.0667.v1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.11.010","article-title":"Modern methods for delivery of drugs across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1502273","article-title":"Recent advances in drug delivery via the organic cation\/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2\/SLC22A5)","volume":"22","author":"Kou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55516-5","article-title":"Optimizing SH-SY5Y cell culture: Exploring the beneficial effects of an alternative media supplement on cell proliferation and viability","volume":"14","author":"Kaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michetti, F., Clementi, M.E., Di Liddo, R., Valeriani, F., Ria, F., Rende, M., Di Sante, G., and Romano Spica, V. (2023). The S100B Protein: A Multifaceted Pathogenic Factor More Than a Biomarker. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119605"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200729100427","article-title":"Targeting S100B Protein as a Surrogate Biomarker and its Role in Various Neurological Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Langeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ortega, K., Canul-Euan, A.A., Solis-Paredes, J.M., Borboa-Olivares, H., Reyes-Mu\u00f1oz, E., Estrada-Gutierrez, G., and Camacho-Arroyo, I. (2024). S100B actions on glial and neuronal cells in the developing brain: An overview. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1425525"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656481","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/656481","article-title":"S100B Protein, a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Protein in the Brain and Heart, and Beyond","volume":"2010","author":"Sorci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.035","article-title":"Growing role of S100B protein as a putative therapeutic target for neurological- and nonneurological-disorders","volume":"127","author":"Michetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saavedra, J., Nascimento, M., Figueira, A.J., da Silva, M.I.O., Gi\u00e3o, T., Oliveira, J., Liz, M.A., Gomes, C.M., and Cardoso, I. (2025). Neuronal expression of S100B triggered by oligomeric A\u03b2 peptide protects against cytoskeletal damage and synaptic loss. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.04.647260"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13954","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203005","article-title":"S100B gene polymorphisms are associated with the S100B level and Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk by altering the miRNA binding capacity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44466-025-00014-0","article-title":"NF-\u03baB: Master regulator of cellular responses in health and disease","volume":"1","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fields, J.K., G\u00fcnther, S., and Sundberg, E.J. (2019). Structural Basis of IL-1 Family Cytokine Signaling. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01412"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.02.001","article-title":"Current status of chemokines in the adult CNS","volume":"104","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.240","article-title":"Role of Chemokines in CNS Health and Pathology: A Focus on the CCL2\/CCR2 and CXCL8\/CXCR2 Networks","volume":"30","author":"Semple","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19807-y","article-title":"Plasma MCP-1 and cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A two-year follow-up study","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02879-7","article-title":"H3K18 lactylation of senescent microglia potentiates brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease through the NF\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000245156","article-title":"Peripheral Cytokines and Chemokines in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"304","article-title":"In vitro effects of concentrated growth factors (CGF) on human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells","volume":"24","author":"Borsani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a011171","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011171","article-title":"Calcium Signaling","volume":"4","author":"Bootman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2017.06.008","article-title":"Calcium signaling and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"70","author":"Pchitskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.11.6092","article-title":"trkA Mediates the Nerve Growth Factor-induced Intracellular Calcium Accumulation","volume":"271","author":"Rabin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.6.1265","article-title":"Induction of filopodia by direct local elevation of intracellular calcium ion concentration","volume":"145","author":"Lau","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1078","article-title":"Neurotrophins and their receptors: A convergence point for many signalling pathways","volume":"4","author":"Chao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, F., Dietrich-Ntoukas, T., Reinach, P.S., Pleyer, U., and Mergler, S. (2025). Nerve Growth Factor Modulates Regulatory Cell Volume Behavior via Stimulating TRPV1, TRPM8 Channels and Inducing Ca2+ Signaling in Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14100719"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/7024\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:21:24Z","timestamp":1785921684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/15\/7024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27157024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27157024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}}}