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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and its associated metabolic disorders drive the search for natural compounds with anti-adipogenic properties. This study evaluated Vitis vinifera seed extract (GE), rich in oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), and Allium sativum bulb extract (ALL), rich in thiosulfinates, for their effects on adipogenesis and COX-related prostanoid modulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Differentiating preadipocytes were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of GE, ALL, or their combination (AGE) at a 1:600 dilution (approximately 23 \u03bcg\/mL allicin and 0.05% OPCs). Lipid accumulation was assessed by Oil Red O staining, prostanoid levels (PGE2, TXA2, and PGI2) were quantified by enzyme immunoassay, and adipogenic gene expression (PPAR\u03b3, CEBP\u03b1 and GLUT4) was analyzed by RT-qPCR. All treatments reduced lipid accumulation, with GE showing the most potent inhibition (68.0% of control), followed by ALL (81.6%) and AGE (78.0%). Distinct prostanoid patterns emerged: GE increased both PGE2 and PGI2 and decreased TXA2, while ALL increased PGE2 and reduced both TXA2 and PGI2. The combination (AGE) did not enhance the anti-adipogenic effects. At the molecular level, GE downregulated PPAR\u03b3, CEBP\u03b1, and GLUT4, whereas ALL did not affect their transcription, indicating distinct mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that GE and ALL inhibit adipogenesis through differential modulation of the COX pathway and gene expression, highlighting their potential as functional ingredients for obesity management. The lack of synergy in the combination warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27157043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1786003682000},"page":"7043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Combined Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts on Adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9361-6771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Garc\u00eda-D\u00e1vila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (IB-UCLM), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Cifuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (IB-UCLM), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Group, GAI of Ciudad Real, 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Antonio","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Group, GAI of Ciudad Real, 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2104-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine (IB-UCLM), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990\u20132021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","author":"Ng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R700005-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic review series: Adipocyte biology. 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