{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:44:27Z","timestamp":1786164267322,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caffeine is a promising active for topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications; however, its hydrophilic nature can limit passive transport across the stratum corneum and reduce local retention. Although nanoparticle-loaded dissolving microneedles have been explored, few systems combine a hollow porous carrier, a lipid coating, and a polysaccharide matrix within a single controlled-release platform. This study developed thermosensitive dissolving microneedles (DMNs) incorporating caffeine-loaded liposome-coated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (ULp-Caf@HMSNs). Sodium alginate\u2013\u03ba-carrageenan matrices, with and without stearic acid modification, were evaluated for their effects on thermal behavior, mechanical strength, and caffeine release. HMSNs showed a hollow mesoporous structure and high specific surface area, while FTIR supported successful incorporation of the formulation components. Liposome coating increased particle size while maintaining nanoscale dimensions. Hot-stage microscopy showed temperature-dependent structural changes at approximately 33\u201335 \u00b0C, with lower apparent transition temperatures in stearic acid-containing formulations. All DMNs exhibited compression forces comparable to mechanically competent DMNs, with NaAlg\u2013\u03ba-car systems reaching 14.3\u201315.1 N per array. Free-caffeine DMNs followed non-Fickian release, whereas ULp-Caf@HMSN-containing formulations followed Higuchi diffusion-controlled release and showed slower caffeine release. Stearic acid did not consistently improve release performance. The novelty of this work lies in integrating a hollow silica reservoir, a liposomal coating, and an alginate\u2013\u03ba-carrageenan microneedle matrix within one platform. Overall, the system provides a basis for further evaluation in controlled topical or transdermal caffeine delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27157067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T15:52:30Z","timestamp":1786031550000},"page":"7067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermosensitive Alginate\/Carrageenan\u2013Stearic Acid Dissolving Microneedles Incorporating Liposome-Coated Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Controlled Caffeine Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nattanida","family":"Thepphankulngarm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Smart Materials and Innovative Technology for Pharmaceutical Applications (SMIT-Pharm), Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namon","family":"Hirun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Smart Materials and Innovative Technology for Pharmaceutical Applications (SMIT-Pharm), Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3338-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pakorn","family":"Kraisit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Smart Materials and Innovative Technology for Pharmaceutical Applications (SMIT-Pharm), Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000343174","article-title":"Caffeine\u2019s mechanisms of action and its cosmetic use","volume":"26","author":"Herman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ski. 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