{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:41:56Z","timestamp":1786250516811,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82405355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82405355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82405355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82405355"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Students\u2019 Platform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["S202410542095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202410542095"]}]},{"name":"National Students\u2019 Platform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["202510542104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510542104"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Innovation Project of Hunan Province","award":["CX20250804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20250804"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is a hallmark of pathological cardiac remodeling, driven by extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, fibroblast activation, and oxidative stress. Diverse natural products\u2014notably alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins\u2014exhibit emerging antifibrotic potential. A comprehensive literature synthesis through July 2026 across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus categorized these agents by phytochemical class and disease models, delineating direct antifibrotic efficacy from indirect cardioprotection. Mechanistically, these compounds target TGF-\u03b2 signaling, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), autophagy\/mitophagy, and ECM turnover. Robust preclinical evidence correlates with integrated histopathological assessment, specifically collagen and \u03b1-SMA quantification. However, translation remains impeded by model limitations, inadequate phytochemical standardization, and a critical paucity of clinical trials. Currently, no natural product holds clinical approval for MF. Future directives necessitate rigorous botanical authentication, pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic profiling, and adoption of human-relevant models, such as induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, to bridge the bench-to-bedside gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:01:36Z","timestamp":1786089696000},"page":"7075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Products Targeting Myocardial Fibrosis: Pharmacological Basis, Molecular Mechanisms and Translational Barriers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Health Science Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Health Science Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Health Science Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Health Science Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0372-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Health Science Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Health Science Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University Health Science Center, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa324","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis","volume":"117","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306565","article-title":"Cardiac Fibrosis: The Fibroblast Awakens","volume":"118","author":"Travers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2024.08.008","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis from the perspective of the extracellular matrix: Mechanisms to clinical impact","volume":"134","author":"Lunde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.03.043","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological field studies: A critical assessment of their conceptual basis and methods","volume":"124","author":"Heinrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.696","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis: Biomedical research from bench to bedside","volume":"19","author":"Winkler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2019.05.011","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis\u2014A short review of causes and therapeutic strategies","volume":"146","author":"Hinderer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruyama, K., and Imanaka-Yoshida, K. (2022). The Pathogenesis of Cardiac Fibrosis: A Review of Recent Progress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052617"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021119-034527","article-title":"Cardiac Fibroblast Diversity","volume":"82","author":"Tallquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-5-15","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblasts, fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling in heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sygitowicz, G., Maciejak-Jastrz\u0119bska, A., and Sitkiewicz, D. (2021). A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cardiac Fibrosis and Atrial Fibrillation. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194430"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00646-w","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in myocardial disease","volume":"19","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.48","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2: The master regulator of fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.6.1849","article-title":"Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"83","author":"Weber","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105610","article-title":"Tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems: Targets for pharmacological therapy","volume":"50","author":"Bader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2020.04.005","article-title":"Targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in fibrosis","volume":"91\u201392","author":"AlQudah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303577","article-title":"The Biological Basis for Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction: From Inflammation to Fibrosis","volume":"119","author":"Prabhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a001651","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, F., Li, Y., Jia, L., Han, Y., Cheng, J., Li, H., Qi, Y., and Du, J. (2012). Macrophage-stimulated cardiac fibroblast production of IL-6 is essential for TGF \u03b2\/Smad activation and cardiac fibrosis induced by angiotensin II. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035144"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.068270","article-title":"Oxidative stress and redox signalling in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure","volume":"93","author":"Seddon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.03.016","article-title":"NADPH oxidase-dependent redox signalling in cardiac hypertrophy, remodelling and failure","volume":"71","author":"Murdoch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raziyeva, K., Kim, Y., Zharkinbekov, Z., Temirkhanova, K., and Saparov, A. (2022). Novel Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis Following Myocardial Infarction. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092178"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liao, J., Luo, Y., Li, M., Su, X., Yu, B., Teng, J., Wang, H., and Lv, X. (2023). Berberine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Myocardial Injury and Fibrosis by Eliminating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage via Promoting Nrf-2 Pathway Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043257"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157662","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine alleviates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction by regulating Sirt1\/p300\/Yy1\/sST2 signaling axis","volume":"150","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155464","article-title":"Lycorine inhibits Ang II-induced heart remodeling and inflammation by suppressing the PI3K-AKT\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"128","author":"Tuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, K., and Zhu, Y.Z. (2022). Leonurine inhibits cardiomyocyte pyroptosis to attenuate cardiac fibrosis via the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad2 signalling pathway. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275258"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176395","article-title":"Palmatine alleviates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast activation through the STAT3 pathway","volume":"967","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138207","article-title":"A polysaccharide from Glycyrrhiza uralensis attenuates myocardial fibrosis via modulating the MAPK\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"286","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-025-01343-6","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Protective Effect Against Myocardial Fibrosis of Polysaccharide from Stellariae Radix (Stellaria Dichotoma L. Var. lanceolata Bge.)","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-025-01725-1","article-title":"Morchella polysaccharide ameliorates myocardial infarction inflammation in mice through increasing gut microbiota-derived 12-HEPE","volume":"47","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142146","article-title":"Lentinan alleviates angiotensin II-induced myocardial remodeling through LMP7-SOCS3 signaling","volume":"308","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116000","article-title":"Formononetin ameliorates isoproterenol induced cardiac fibrosis through improving mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"170","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154277","article-title":"Calycosin reduces myocardial fibrosis and improves cardiac function in post-myocardial infarction mice by suppressing TGFBR1 signaling pathways","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S386805","article-title":"Liquiritin Protects Against Cardiac Fibrosis After Myocardial Infarction by Inhibiting CCL5 Expression and the NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21928","article-title":"Apigenin inhibits isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis and Smad pathway in mice by regulating oxidative stress and miR-122-5p\/155-5p expressions","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.05.015","article-title":"Puerarin prevents isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis in mice by reduction of myocardial TGF-\u03b21 expression","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, S.A., Hou, N., Zhao, G.J., Liu, X.W., He, Y.Y., Liu, H.L., Hua, Y.Q., Li, L.R., Huang, Y., and Ou, C.W. (2018). Nrf2 Is a Key Regulator on Puerarin Preventing Cardiac Fibrosis and Upregulating Metabolic Enzymes UGT1A1 in Rats. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00540"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647129","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2647129","article-title":"Puerarin Protects against Cardiac Fibrosis Associated with the Inhibition of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad2-Mediated Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"2017","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.2969","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses transforming growth factor-\u03b21-induced cardiac fibroblast differentiation via inhibition of Smad-2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"745","article-title":"Curcumin improves cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting endothelial-mesenchymal transition through NRF2-DDAH-ADMA-NO pathway","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00868-9","article-title":"Salvianolic acid B ameliorates myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy by deubiquitinating Smad7","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.016","article-title":"Panaxatriol saponin ameliorates myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis by targeting Keap1\/Nrf2 to regulate oxidative stress and inhibit cardiac-fibroblast activation and proliferation","volume":"190","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.11.024","article-title":"Chikusetsu saponin IVa attenuates isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis in mice through activation autophagy mediated by AMPK\/mTOR\/ULK1 signaling","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6287","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c17583","article-title":"Tea Saponin from Camellia oleifera Seed Meal Alleviates Hypertension-Induced Myocardial Fibrosis: Isolation, Purification, and Mechanisms","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110511","article-title":"Celastrol relieves myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes in rats","volume":"121","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113825","article-title":"Atractylenolide-III restrains cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction via suppression of the RhoA\/ROCK1 and ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01663A","article-title":"Stevioside attenuates isoproterenol-induced mouse myocardial fibrosis through inhibition of the myocardial NF-\u03baB\/TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4531","article-title":"Corosolic acid attenuates cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadat, S., Noureddini, M., Mahjoubin-Tehran, M., Nazemi, S., Shojaie, L., Aschner, M., Maleki, B., Abbasi-Kolli, M., Rajabi Moghadam, H., and Alani, B. (2020). Pivotal Role of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad Signaling in Cardiac Fibrosis: Non-coding RNAs as Effectual Players. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.588347"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109826","article-title":"The role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"77","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174354","article-title":"Forsythiaside B inhibits myocardial fibrosis via down regulating TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"908","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154078","article-title":"Zerumbone, a humulane sesquiterpene from Syringa pinnatifolia, attenuates cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting of the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway after myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-025-10641-x","article-title":"Butein attenuates cardiac fibrosis by mediating TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway after myocardial infarction","volume":"56","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Histol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2023.152044","article-title":"Geniposide alleviates pressure overload in cardiac fibrosis with suppressed TGF-\u03b21 pathway","volume":"125","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155118","article-title":"Ethyl ferulate suppresses post-myocardial infarction myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting transforming growth factor receptor 1","volume":"121","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Zeng, Y., Yang, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Huang, S., Zhong, Y., and Chen, M. (2022). Resveratrol ameliorates myocardial fibrosis by regulating Sirt1\/Smad3 deacetylation pathway in rat model with dilated cardiomyopathy. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-021-02401-y"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01588-4","article-title":"Icariin improves cardiac function and remodeling via the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway in rats following myocardial infarction","volume":"28","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vistnes, M. (2024). Hitting the Target! Challenges and Opportunities for TGF-\u03b2 Inhibition for the Treatment of Cardiac fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030267"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94753","article-title":"Fibroblast-specific TGF-\u03b2-Smad2\/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24676","article-title":"IL-11 is a crucial determinant of cardiovascular fibrosis","volume":"552","author":"Schafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000187457.24338.3D","article-title":"NAD(P)H oxidase 4 mediates transforming growth factor-beta1-induced differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts","volume":"97","author":"Cucoranu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-024-01112-z","article-title":"Targeting macrophage-fibroblast interactions in the failing heart","volume":"22","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Yang, J., Li, T., Wang, X., Fan, Z., Ye, Q., and Du, Y. (2024). JAK\/STAT3 signaling in cardiac fibrosis: A promising therapeutic target. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1336102"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112219","article-title":"Regulation and functions of NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiac fibrosis: Current knowledge and clinical significance","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.06.020","article-title":"Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl. protects against myocardial injury by attenuating inflammation and fibrosis via NF-\u03baB and JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathways","volume":"207","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.138","article-title":"Icariside II attenuates myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting nuclear factor-\u03baB and the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad2 signalling pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"100","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115083","article-title":"Phloretin ameliorates heart function after myocardial infarction via NLRP3\/Caspase-1\/IL-1\u03b2 signaling","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23458","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23458","article-title":"Muscone attenuates susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rats after myocardial infarction","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P.H., Li, N.N., Gu, X., Zhou, C.X., Jiang, Z.Z., Luo, X.J., Zhu, H.W., and Zhu, X.Y. (2025). Interaction between mitochondrial oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis in the context of diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1596436"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2025.07.016","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis: From mechanisms and models to medicines","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.431973","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"288","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101100","article-title":"Mitoquinone ameliorates pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction in mice","volume":"21","author":"Goh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00591-z","article-title":"Guidelines for measuring reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in cells and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.37269","article-title":"Andrographolide Protects Against Adverse Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction through Enhancing Nrf2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Zhou, H., Ma, Z.G., Zhu, J.X., Liu, C., Song, P., Kong, C.Y., Wu, H.M., Deng, W., and Tang, Q.Z. (2018). Geniposide Alleviates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis Partially via SIRT1 Activation in vivo and in vitro. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00854"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12043","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA attenuates heart failure via inhibiting oxidative stress in myocardial infarction rats","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946320251315800","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320251315800","article-title":"Baicalein protects against heart failure by improving mitochondrial dysfunction and regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress to reduce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"815","article-title":"Salidroside impedes Ang II-infused myocardial fibrosis by activating the SIRT1-Nrf2 pathway","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104845","article-title":"Mangiferin activates Nrf2 to attenuate cardiac fibrosis via redistributing glutaminolysis-derived glutamate","volume":"157","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Wang, S., Sun, H., Li, Y., and Feng, J. (2022). Naringenin ameliorates myocardial injury in STZ-induced diabetic mice by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis via regulating the Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.946766"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.002","article-title":"Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.089","article-title":"Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"73","author":"Kovacic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1613","article-title":"Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Zeisberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74783","article-title":"Resident fibroblast lineages mediate pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis","volume":"124","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12260","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12260","article-title":"Genetic lineage tracing defines myofibroblast origin and function in the injured heart","volume":"7","author":"Kanisicak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20905-1","article-title":"Single cell sequencing reveals endothelial plasticity with transient mesenchymal activation after myocardial infarction","volume":"12","author":"Tombor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-025-01291-y","article-title":"Apigenin inhibits endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of coronary artery endothelial cells and myocardial fibrosis by regulating ribosome biogenesis through GTPBP4 modulation","volume":"38","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-025-01060-z","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits M1 macrophages-induced IGFBP2-mediated endothelial-mesenchymal transition to alleviate myocardial fibrosis in mice with chronic heart failure","volume":"61","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155891","article-title":"Diosgenin alleviates arsenic trioxide induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting endothelial mesenchymal transition","volume":"132","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.07.001","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis: Cell biological mechanisms, molecular pathways and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"65","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umbarkar, P., Ejantkar, S., Tousif, S., and Lal, H. (2021). Mechanisms of Fibroblast Activation and Myocardial Fibrosis: Lessons Learned from FB-Specific Conditional Mouse Models. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092412"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, L., Xu, Y., Tu, L., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Tao, L., and Shen, X. (2016). Oxymatrine inhibits aldosterone-induced rat cardiac fibroblast proliferation and differentiation by attenuating smad-2,-3 and-4 expression: An in vitro study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1231-9"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174013","article-title":"Higenamine attenuates cardiac fibroblast abstract and fibrosis via inhibition of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling","volume":"900","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2019.04.003","article-title":"Emodin alleviates cardiac fibrosis by suppressing activation of cardiac fibroblasts via upregulating metastasis associated protein 3","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.10.002","article-title":"EGCG inhibits CTGF expression via blocking NF-\u03baB activation in cardiac fibroblast","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-024-07658-x","article-title":"Quercetin Alleviates Cardiac Fibrosis via Regulating the SIRT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1378838","article-title":"Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2757","article-title":"ULK1 induces autophagy by phosphorylating Beclin-1 and activating VPS34 lipid kinase","volume":"15","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, B., Zhou, X., Yang, T., Wang, L., Feng, L., Wang, Z., Xu, J., Jing, W., Wang, T., and Su, H. (2023). The role of autophagy in cardiovascular disease: Cross-interference of signaling pathways and underlying therapeutic targets. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1088575"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03871D","article-title":"The protection of luteolin against diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats is related to reversing JNK-suppressed autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2021.1932029","article-title":"Quercetin prevents isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis by promoting autophagy via regulating miR-223-3p\/FOXO3","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70427","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70427","article-title":"Puerarin Reversing Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction via Acid Sphingomyelinase Inhibition in Cardiomyocytes","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-025-07758-2","article-title":"Crocetin Attenuates Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transition after Myocardial Infarction in Mice by Regulating Autophagy","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, H., Zhang, Y., and Song, C. (2025). Chlorogenic acid modulates mitochondrial damage and mitophagy to repair injured myocardial tissue and cells. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1658090"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110066","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis: Pathobiology and therapeutic targets","volume":"85","author":"Czubryt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b24-00122","article-title":"5-Demethylnobiletin Ameliorates Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis and Apoptosis by Repressing the Sirt1\/FOXO3a\/NF-\u03baB and Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathways","volume":"47","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.12.036","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of baicalein on heart failure via modulation of Ca(2+) handling proteins in vivo and in vitro","volume":"145","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154590","article-title":"Sodium houttuyfonate against cardiac fibrosis attenuates isoproterenol-induced heart failure by binding to MMP2 and p38","volume":"109","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102020","article-title":"Lutein attenuates angiotensin II- induced cardiac remodeling by inhibiting AP-1\/IL-11 signaling","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"60","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis via the GLP-1 receptor signaling pathway","volume":"64","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, C., Ren, C., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., Li, R., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., Wang, C., and Li, Y. (2025). Targeting inhibition of the inflammatory response: Advances in the treatment of myocardial fibrosis with natural medicine and active ingredients. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1627255"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czubryt, M.P. (2019). Cardiac Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Phenotype Conversion-An Unexploited Therapeutic Target. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd6030028"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.01.006","article-title":"Baicalin inhibits pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis through regulating AMPK\/TGF-\u03b2\/Smads signaling pathway","volume":"640","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113710","article-title":"Nitro-oleic acid alleviates inflammation and fibrosis by regulating macrophage polarization and fibroblast activation to improve cardiac function in MI mice","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-026-01776-2","article-title":"Urolithin A activates mitophagy via the AMPK-mTOR axis and modulates the gut-ceramide axis to ameliorate cardiac remodeling in HFpEF","volume":"58","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6595437","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6595437","article-title":"Tongxinluo Attenuates Myocardiac Fibrosis after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats via Inhibition of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"2019","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"4425","article-title":"Puerarin inhibits cardiac fibrosis via monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and the transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) pathway in myocardial infarction mice","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1159\/000495870","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Collagen Synthesis via Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in Cardiac Fibroblasts","volume":"51","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03199-0","article-title":"Research progress on pharmacological effects and bioavailability of berberine","volume":"397","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2022104","article-title":"Induction of the ER stress response in NRVMs is linked to cardiotoxicity caused by celastrol","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.12.020","article-title":"Can the flow of medicines be improved? Fundamental pharmacokinetic and pharmacological principles toward improving Phase II survival","volume":"17","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1183","article-title":"Advancing Predictions of Tissue and Intracellular Drug Concentrations Using In Vitro, Imaging and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approaches","volume":"104","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.000885","article-title":"High absorption but very low bioavailability of oral resveratrol in humans","volume":"32","author":"Walle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154862","article-title":"CETSA and thermal proteome profiling strategies for target identification and drug discovery of natural products","volume":"116","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910040106","article-title":"Target identification using drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS)","volume":"106","author":"Lomenick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(03)02969-6","article-title":"The multiple orthogonal tools approach to define molecular causation in the validation of druggable targets","volume":"9","author":"Hardy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100613","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100613","article-title":"Increasing Post-Digestive Solubility of Curcumin Is the Most Successful Strategy to Improve its Oral Bioavailability: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Adults and In Vitro Bioaccessibility Experiments","volume":"65","author":"Flory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-019-0329-7","article-title":"Report of the AAPS Guidance Forum on the FDA Draft Guidance for Industry: \u201cDrug Products, Including Biological Products, that Contain Nanomaterials\u201d","volume":"21","author":"Crommelin","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03624.x","article-title":"Effect of danshen extract on the activity of CYP3A4 in healthy volunteers","volume":"69","author":"Qiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473213","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/473213","article-title":"Effects of danshen ethanol extract on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in healthy volunteers","volume":"2014","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.134137000.x","article-title":"Chinese herbs and warfarin potentiation by \u2018danshen\u2019","volume":"241","author":"Yu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oeac057","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oeac057","article-title":"Effects of high-absorption curcumin for the prevention of hypertensive heart disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study","volume":"2","author":"Funamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Open"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.03.034","article-title":"Considerations for Clinical Trials Targeting the Myocardial Interstitium","volume":"12","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:15:40Z","timestamp":1786248940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27167075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27167075","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}