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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protein utilization efficiency is a key determinant of metabolic health, body composition, and muscle function, particularly under high-protein dietary conditions and when using plant-based protein sources with lower digestibility. However, the extent to which enhancing early gastric proteolysis translates into improved whole-body protein utilization remains unclear. The present in vivo study investigated whether supplementation with an actinidin-enriched kiwifruit concentrate (Kwd+\u00ae) modulates protein utilization efficiency and physiological outcomes under normoproteic and hyperproteic dietary conditions using casein or pea protein as dietary sources. Rats were fed normoproteic casein (NP), high-protein casein (CHP), or high-protein pea (PHP) diets with or without Kwd+\u00ae supplementation for 8 weeks. Gastric protein hydrolysis patterns were evaluated by SDS\u2013PAGE, while metabolic outcomes were assessed through body composition, plasma amino acid profiling, skeletal muscle morphology, and contractile function. Kwd+\u00ae supplementation enhanced gastric proteolysis in a protein source-dependent manner. Despite the absence of significant changes in circulating amino acid concentrations after multiple comparison correction, Kwd+\u00ae improved markers of protein utilization efficiency depending on dietary protein source. In animals fed a high-protein pea diet, supplementation significantly reduced fat mass relative to accumulated protein intake, indicating improved nutrient partitioning. In contrast, in animals fed a high-protein casein diet, Kwd+\u00ae increased muscle mass relative to protein intake, suggesting enhanced anabolic efficiency. Under normoproteic conditions, Kwd+\u00ae supplementation was associated with an increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area and improved fatigue resistance without alterations in fiber type composition or contractile protein abundance. These findings demonstrate that modulation of early gastric proteolysis through actinidin produces protein source-dependent effects on protein utilization efficiency, nutrient partitioning, and muscle function. This work highlights a novel nutritional strategy to improve metabolic outcomes and muscle performance, particularly in the context of high-protein and plant-based diets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T10:12:01Z","timestamp":1786097521000},"page":"7086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Actinidin-Enriched Kiwifruit Concentrate (Kwd+\u00ae) Improves Protein Utilization Efficiency and Modulates Body Composition and Muscle Function in a Protein Source-Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Benito-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Research Institute CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Pharmactive Biotech Products SLU, Faraday, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Albi\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Research Institute CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmactive Biotech Products SLU, Faraday, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8764-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Ines","family":"Mor\u00e1n-Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmactive Biotech Products SLU, Faraday, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7637-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Research Institute CIAL (CSIC-UAM), Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"D\u00edez-Municio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmactive Biotech Products SLU, Faraday, 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7688-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"Uranga-Ocio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7232-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Blanco-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of La Paz University Hospital (IdiPAZ), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Cardiovascular Diseases (Ciber-CV), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0124-8","article-title":"The Impact of Protein Quality on the Promotion of Resistance Exercise-Induced Changes in Muscle Mass","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. 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