{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:00:23Z","timestamp":1787313623401,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["P2022AA47Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022AA47Y"]}]},{"award":["P2022AA47Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022AA47Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fund for the National Research Program and Projects of Relevant National Interest","award":["PRIN-PNRR2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN-PNRR2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plastic contamination (plastamination) is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Microplastics (MPs, 5 mm\u20131 \u00b5m) and nanoplastics (NPs, &lt;1 \u00b5m) are mainly produced from the environmental degradation of plastic waste and enter the food chain, bypass biological barriers, and bioaccumulate in tissues where they exert toxic\/inflammatory effects. In the male reproductive system, MP\/NPs can cross the blood\u2013testis barrier, impair spermatogenesis, and affect semen quality parameters. While biodegradable polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) may represent an ecofriendly alternative to carbon fossil polymers, their real effects in reproduction have been poorly investigated. In the present manuscript, the effects of increasing doses of rhodamine B-loaded PLA-NPs (170 \u00b1 20 nm mean size) on the physiology of frozen\u2013thawed bovine sperm were investigated using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) and flow cytometry. Sperm kinetics revealed a significant effect of PLA-NPs on progressive motility at 60 min, with higher values at 200 and 300 \u00b5g\/mL doses (p &lt; 0.05 vs. control). Flow cytometry showed that PLA-NP exposure did not alter acrosomal integrity (PNA488+); however, the proportion of spermatozoa showing high mitochondrial potential (MitoDR+) was significantly reduced compared to controls at a 300 \u00b5g\/mL PLA-NP dose after 120 min of incubation. The proportion of spermatozoa metabolically active (MitoDR+) with contextual membrane destabilization (M540+) was significantly lower in samples with 200 and 300 \u00b5g\/mL PLA, independently of the incubation time. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis revealed the internalization of PLA-NPs within spermatozoa at the longest exposure time. In conclusion, PLA-NPs are internalized in spermatozoa, with specific localization in mitochondria, and slightly affect progressive motility mainly by mitochondrial interference and plasma membrane destabilization. Despite limited effects on post-thaw bull sperm motility even at high doses, plastamination warrants consideration, and further studies on the biological effects of biodegradable plastics are recommended to preserve sperm physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T13:20:16Z","timestamp":1786108816000},"page":"7091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Swimming in Plastamination: Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanoplastics Affect Bull Sperm Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alessia","family":"Gloria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d\u2019Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Venditti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin Pavel","family":"Lamparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9378-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Zelinda","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Human Movement and Well-Being Sciences, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Della Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Observatory for Scientific Health Initiatives for Environmental Legislation and Disease Prevention, SHIELD, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Viggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Observatory for Scientific Health Initiatives for Environmental Legislation and Disease Prevention, SHIELD, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2549-5447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Observatory for Scientific Health Initiatives for Environmental Legislation and Disease Prevention, SHIELD, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1527-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Contri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d\u2019Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2174-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Meccariello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Human Movement and Well-Being Sciences, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IEA (International Energy Agency) (2026, May 05). Production Forecast of Thermoplastics Worldwide from 2025 to 2050 (in Million Metric Tons). 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