{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:28:11Z","timestamp":1786426091979,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019729","name":"Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019729","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03khcdd80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This exploratory study evaluated whether a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from a European genome-wide association study is transferable to a Japanese cohort, for both susceptibility to and severity of adult idiopathic hydrocele testis. Surgically confirmed hydrocele cases were compared with two independently ascertained control groups: prostate cancer patients with intraoperatively confirmed absence of hydrocele fluid (Control 1), and urolithiasis patients without malignancy (Stone Control). Multivariable logistic regression evaluated disease occurrence; multiple linear regression restricted to hydrocele cases evaluated the association between PRS and fluid volume. A higher PRS was associated with increased susceptibility to hydrocele when cases were compared with Stone Controls (strictest threshold: odds ratio 1.98, 95% CI 1.01\u20133.88, p = 0.048; AUC 0.733), though this was not observed using Control 1. Among cases, PRS showed a consistent inverse association with fluid volume across all three thresholds tested (standardized \u03b2 = \u22120.54, p = 0.010 at \u226510 mL). Given the modest sample size and limited statistical power, these findings should be regarded as preliminary and hypothesis-generating. They nonetheless suggest that genetic susceptibility to hydrocele and its severity may show different associations with polygenic risk, a pattern requiring confirmation in larger, independent, ideally East Asian-derived cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:23:50Z","timestamp":1786357430000},"page":"7143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polygenic Risk Score for Adult Idiopathic Hydrocele Testis: Susceptibility and Severity in a Japanese Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Mami","family":"Hattori-Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Okuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachi","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Nomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7616-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Zaitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research of the Aging Workforce, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka 807-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanto Rosai Hospital, 1-1 Kizukisumiyoshi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000447145","article-title":"Classifying Hydroceles of the Pelvis and Groin: An Overview of Etiology, Secondary Complications, Evaluation, and Management","volume":"10","author":"Dagur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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