{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:30:05Z","timestamp":1786595405817,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32172057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32172057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172057"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flax lignans are abundant plant secondary metabolites in flaxseed, with secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) content reaching 0.61\u20131.33% of seed dry weight\u2014substantially higher than levels reported for sesame seeds (0.01\u20130.03%), cereals (&lt;0.01%), and most legumes (&lt;0.005%). These levels make them natural bioactive compounds with considerable application potential. This review summarizes the biosynthetic pathways, key enzymes, and regulatory mechanisms of flax lignans; describes their major biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, and metabolic regulatory effects and possible mechanisms of action; and analyzes current progress in extraction, purification, analytical detection, and application. Key limitations in industrial application include complex extraction procedures, high production costs, lack of unified quality standards, and insufficient clinical evidence. Advanced strategies such as synthetic biology approaches for heterologous production, molecular breeding for high-lignan varieties, and green extraction technologies are discussed as promising solutions. This review is intended to serve as a conceptual reference for subsequent mechanistic studies, product development, and industrial translation of flax lignans in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:09:36Z","timestamp":1786435776000},"page":"7162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flax Lignans: From Biosynthetic Regulation to Biological Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7828-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinwu","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, W., and Jeziorek, M. 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