{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:27:53Z","timestamp":1786969673492,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and innovation Fundamental Fund","award":["TUFF60\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUFF60\/2566"]}]},{"award":["TUFF60\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUFF60\/2566"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000025p04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Field cancerization in the upper respiratory tract (URT) heavily drives cancer recurrence. The present study evaluated Thai ethnobotanical ingredients from Kampramong\u2019s anticancer remedies as alternative agents for URT cancer control. Thirty-one ethanolic extracts were screened for cytotoxicity against six URT malignant cell lines (HK1, KB, HONE-1, NPC38, NPC43, and HEp2) and two non-cancerous controls (NP460 and HaCaT) using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The selectivity index or IC50 ratio of normal cells\/cancer cells was also determined for selective cytotoxicity of extracts and compounds. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the nitric oxide (NO) reduction assay. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured due to the main risk reduction factor. Multivariate analyses (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis; HCA and Principal Component Analysis; PCA) were used for the relationship of flavonoids, NO inhibition drive to cytotoxicity. The best plant extracts and their cytotoxic compounds were also predicted to have their target molecular mechanisms by molecular docking. HCA identified Caesalpinia sappan, Coscinium fenestratum, and Tectona grandis as exhibiting potent cytotoxicity against all malignant cells, with C. sappan being the most potent. PCA revealed that flavonoid content and nitric oxide inhibition were the critical factors driving cytotoxicity (factor load 71.93%). Molecular docking of C. sappan compounds, brazilin and sappanchalcone, showed high binding energies with multiple core target proteins (MAPK1, MAPK3, SRC, AKT1, and GRB2), indicating a synergistic multi-compound, multi-target mechanism, representing a hypothesis for future mechanistic validation. Kampramong\u2019s ethnobotanical remedies, particularly C. sappan, are promising candidates for URT malignancy treatment and field cancerization prevention, offering valuable data for future drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T17:01:35Z","timestamp":1786640495000},"page":"7239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Thai Medicinal Plants from Kampramong\u2019s Anticancer Remedy Against Upper Respiratory Tract Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanatphong","family":"Paje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunporn","family":"Itharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Thai Traditional Medicine Research (CEATMR), Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waipoj","family":"Chanvimalueng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilailak","family":"Tiyao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Thai Traditional Medicine Research (CEATMR), Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weerachai","family":"Pipatrattanaseree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Medical Sciences Center 12 Songkhla, Ministry of Public Health, Mueang Songkhla 90100, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9863-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunita","family":"Makchuchit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Thai Traditional Medicine Research (CEATMR), Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranporn","family":"Kuropakornpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Thai Traditional Medicine Research (CEATMR), Thammasat University, Klong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neal M.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal changes in head and neck cancer incidence in Thailand suggest changing oropharyngeal epidemiology in the region","volume":"5","author":"Argirion","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126","article-title":"Field cancerization: Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Willenbrink","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210100201","article-title":"Meta-analysis of second malignant tumors in head and neck cancer: The case for an endoscopic screening protocol","volume":"101","author":"Haughey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahavorasirikul, W., Viyanant, V., Chaijaroenkul, W., Itharat, A., and Na-Bangchang, K. (2010). Cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants against human cholangiocarcinoma, laryngeal and hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-55"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.106069","article-title":"Total phenolics and total flavonoids in selected Indian medicinal plants","volume":"74","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0036-3","article-title":"Carotenoid intake and head and neck cancer: A pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium","volume":"31","author":"Leoncini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.180555","article-title":"Free radicals hasten head and neck cancer risk: A study of total oxidant, total antioxidant, DNA damage, and histological grade","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.038","article-title":"In vitro anti-proliferative activity on colon cancer cell line (HT-29) of Thai medicinal plants selected from Thai\/Lanna medicinal plant recipe database \u201cMANOSROI III\u201d","volume":"161","author":"Manosroi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.057","article-title":"Traditional medicine use by cancer patients in Thailand","volume":"168","author":"Poonthananiwatkul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00975-3","article-title":"Targeting non-coding RNAs to overcome cancer therapy resistance","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/vjch.2019000130","article-title":"Investigation of chemical constituents and cytotoxic activity of the lichen Usnea undulata","volume":"58","author":"Tram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vietnam J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(17)60334-0","article-title":"Antioxidant activities and phytochemical constituents of Antidesma thwaitesianum M\u00fcll. Arg. leaf extracts","volume":"15","author":"Dechayont","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.251579","article-title":"Dietary flavonoid intake reduces the risk of head and neck but not esophageal or gastric cancer in US men and women","volume":"147","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.7.12.7067","article-title":"Cancer cell killing via ROS: To increase or decrease, that is the question","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1366\/10-06064","article-title":"Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of microorganisms: An assessment of algorithms for resonance Raman spectra","volume":"65","author":"Kniggendorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez, D., and Caballero, J. (2018). Is It Reliable to Take the Molecular Docking Top Scoring Position as the Best Solution without Considering Available Structural Data?. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051038"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1021\/ci800293n","article-title":"Validation of Molecular Docking Programs for Virtual Screening against Dihydropteroate Synthase","volume":"49","author":"Hevener","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40160-2","article-title":"Molecular Docking as a Tool for the Discovery of Molecular Targets of Nutraceuticals in Diseases Management","volume":"13","author":"Agu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-030222-120000","article-title":"The Art and Science of Molecular Docking","volume":"93","author":"Paggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9649","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S573358","article-title":"Standards for Computational Methods in Drug Design and Discovery: Simplified Guidance for Authors and Reviewers","volume":"19","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz084","article-title":"Head and Neck Cancer Prevention: From Primary Prevention to Impact of Clinicians on Reducing Burden","volume":"30","author":"Hashim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1602","article-title":"PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells: From Basic Research to Clinical Application","volume":"5","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2374","article-title":"Molecular Basis of MAP Kinase Regulation","volume":"22","author":"Peti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitrov, L., Stancheva, G., Kyurkchiyan, S., Mitkova, M., Stancheva, I., Valcheva, S., Komitova, K.S., Skelina, S.P., Rangachev, J., and Popov, T. (2026). Biomarkers of Common Molecular Dysregulation in Tumor Tissue and Peritumor Mucosa in Head and Neck SCC: Insights into Field Cancerization. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031212"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-025-00862-y","article-title":"Assessing Molecular Docking Tools: Understanding Drug Discovery and Design","volume":"11","author":"Nivatya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030209y","article-title":"Lessons in Molecular Recognition: The Effects of Ligand and Protein Flexibility on Molecular Docking Accuracy","volume":"47","author":"Erickson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murail, S., de Vries, S.J., Rey, J., Moroy, G., and Tuff\u00e9ry, P. (2021). SeamDock: An Interactive and Collaborative Online Docking Resource to Assist Small Compound Molecular Docking. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.716466"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.051","article-title":"Computational Protein\u2013Ligand Docking and Virtual Drug Screening with the AutoDock Suite","volume":"11","author":"Forli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14232","DOI":"10.2196\/14232","article-title":"Molecular Docking Using Chimera and Autodock Vina Software for Nonbioinformaticians","volume":"1","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Bioinform. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2015.05.014","article-title":"Brazilin from Caesalpinia Sappan Heartwood and Its Pharmacological Activities: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Nirmal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl117","article-title":"Pvclust: An R Package for Assessing the Uncertainty in Hierarchical Clustering","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1947","article-title":"Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou-Talalay method","volume":"70","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NP00011A","article-title":"Synergy and Antagonism in Natural Product Extracts: When 1 + 1 Does Not Equal 2","volume":"36","author":"Caesar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8780704","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8780704","article-title":"Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activities of Fruit, Seed, and Bark Extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum DC","volume":"2020","author":"Phuyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10640","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC113.1064010653","article-title":"Correlation Between Total Phenols Content, Antioxidant Power and Cytotoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.127","article-title":"Field cancerization: Treatment","volume":"83","author":"Cornejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2006.01.044","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of three major bioactive triterpene acids in the leaves of Diospyros kaki by high-performance liquid chromatography method","volume":"41","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-019-0455-z","article-title":"Anti-inflammation activity of brazilin in TNF-\u03b1 induced human psoriasis dermatitis skin model","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109185","article-title":"Sappanchalcone, a flavonoid isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L., induces caspase-dependent and AIF-dependent apoptosis in human colon cancer cells","volume":"327","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210422","article-title":"Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer","volume":"26","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3727\/096504013X13775486749254","article-title":"MiR-378 inhibits progression of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells by targeting MAPK1 in vitro","volume":"20","author":"Fei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-020-00283-6","article-title":"LncRNA LINC00483 promotes gastric cancer development through regulating MAPK1 expression by sponging miR-490-3p","volume":"53","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004364","article-title":"SRC tyrosine kinase activates the YAP\/TAZ axis and thereby drives tumor growth and metastasis","volume":"294","author":"Lamar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/5971","article-title":"Activating SRC mutation in a subset of advanced human colon cancers","volume":"21","author":"Irby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01953-7","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer: Pathogenesis and targeted therapy","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09186-x","article-title":"Network-based prediction of drug combinations","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8481","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9481","article-title":"Combining genomic and network characteristics for extended capability in predicting synergistic drugs for cancer","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"3296","article-title":"Predicting and affecting response to cancer therapy based on pathway-level biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Berger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-6-1","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Molecular Biomarker Discovery and Progress","volume":"6","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"310","article-title":"Computational Model of Trisindoline 1 Conjugate to Protein P53 and P53R2: Targets For Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"22","author":"Ghaissani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10822-012-9547-0","article-title":"Docking and Scoring with ICM: The Benchmarking Results and Strategies for Improvement","volume":"26","author":"Neves","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Des."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alblihy, A. (2024). From Desert Flora to Cancer Therapy: Systematic Exploration of Multi-Pathway Mechanisms Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Modeling Approaches. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1345415"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowtham, H.G., Revanasiddappa, P.D., Murali, M., Singh, S.B., Abhilash, M.R., Pradeep, S., Shivamallu, C., Achar, R.R., Silina, E., and Stupin, V. (2024). Secondary Metabolites of Trichoderma spp. as EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Evaluation of Anticancer Efficacy through Computational Approach. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296010"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00256-6","article-title":"Docking and ADMET Studies for Investigating the Anticancer Potency of Moscatilin on APC10\/DOC1 and PKM2 against Five Clinical Drugs","volume":"19","author":"Pujari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.014","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants used traditionally to treat cancer","volume":"90","author":"Itharat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.42.1663","article-title":"Electrochemical method for estimating the antioxidative effects of methanol extracts of crude drugs","volume":"42","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.02.066","article-title":"The anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of Benjakul extract (a Thai traditional medicine), its constituent plants and some of its pure constituents using in vitro experiments","volume":"89","author":"Makchuchit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7239\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:01:59Z","timestamp":1786968119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27167239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27167239","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}