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J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional oral and injectable drug administration still struggles with unstable plasma levels, weak targeting, and considerable systemic toxicity, problems that become especially acute in chronic disease management. Implantable and wearable biomedical devices offer one path around these limits, yet device-only platforms continue to fall short on drug loading, release control, and protection of fragile therapeutics. Integrating nanoparticle-based biomaterials into such devices has therefore moved from a research curiosity to a serious clinical strategy. As a result, understanding the design principles, translational challenges, and clinical potential of these hybrid platforms has become increasingly important. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of four major nanoparticle families\u2014polymeric carriers (PLGA, chitosan, and micelles), lipid-based vehicles (liposomes, SLNs, and NLCs), inorganic systems (gold, mesoporous silica, iron oxide, and calcium phosphate), and hybrid composites\u2014focusing on how their physicochemical properties govern drug encapsulation, release behavior, and tissue compatibility. These classes are then linked to specific implantable formats such as drug-eluting stents, nano-enabled scaffolds, and reservoir depots, and to wearable formats including transdermal patches, microneedle arrays, biosensor-coupled patches, and patient-actuated devices. A dedicated section addresses stimuli-responsive release driven by pH, enzymes, temperature, and electrical or magnetic fields, alongside closed-loop platforms that pair real-time biosensing with on-demand dosing. Surface engineering strategies, ligand targeting, antifouling coatings, antimicrobial layers, and immune-modulating chemistries are also discussed, together with the central translational hurdles: long-term stability, foreign body response, scale-up, sterilization, and regulatory classification of combination products. Finally, the review outlines near-term directions, including AI-driven dosing, 4D bioprinting, biomimetic nanocarriers, gene therapy delivery, and bioresorbable electronics, that together suggest where these hybrid platforms are likely to mature next.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:57:46Z","timestamp":1786708666000},"page":"7265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nanoparticle-Enabled Biomaterials for Controlled Drug Delivery in Implantable and Wearable Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Zahrah","family":"Asiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Mobarki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2770-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar. S","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5989-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz A.","family":"Almoutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Alsalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Professional Development Department, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Fitaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Njoud","family":"Altuwaijri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwa","family":"Alsubait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4809-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya F.","family":"Jamous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellness and Preventive Medicine Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adepu, S., and Ramakrishna, S. 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