{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T04:26:34Z","timestamp":1786854394623,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018822","name":"Western Sydney University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03t52dk35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Filamon Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human secreted phospholipase A2 group IIA (hGIIA) is a Ca2+-dependent extracellular enzyme that supports host defense and amplifies inflammation through lipid mediator generation and receptor-linked signaling. In prostate cancer (PCa), hGIIA is commonly elevated compared with benign tissue and can persist after androgen deprivation, implicating it in tumor progression. PCa is typically an immunologically \u201ccold\u201d disease sustained by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment enriched in regulatory T cells ( Treg), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and pro-tumor stromal cells, alongside hypoxia and metabolic rewiring. Because hGIIA is released by innate immune cells and is inducible in macrophages, it is well positioned to strengthen inflammatory lipid networks and promote immune dysfunction within the prostate tumor microenvironment. Here, we review the PCa microenvironment and evaluate evidence linking hGIIA to tumor\u2013stroma crosstalk, angiogenic programming, and therapy resistance, highlighting major knowledge gaps in prostate-focused immune studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1786722516000},"page":"7277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Group IIA Secreted Phospholipase A2 and the Prostate Cancer Tumor Microenvironment: Potential Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Monavvar","family":"Andarva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1478-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria George","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mila","family":"Sajinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia"},{"name":"Nepean Hospital Clinical School, University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9266-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tara Laurine","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"Nepean Hospital Clinical School, University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6012-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kieran F.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0089-2","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 in skin biology: New insights from gene-manipulated mice and lipidomics","volume":"38","author":"Murakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. 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