{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:28:42Z","timestamp":1786969722173,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenols and phthalates are ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemicals with potential effects on reproductive neuroendocrine regulation, particularly during sensitive developmental windows. This review summarizes current evidence on their exposure profile, mechanisms of reproductive disruption, and female- and male-specific reproductive adversities. A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, including experimental, epidemiological, biomonitoring, systematic review, and meta-analytic studies addressing bisphenols, phthalates, fertility, hormonal regulation, gametogenesis, pregnancy outcomes, and reproductive toxicity mechanisms. Bisphenols and phthalates interfere with estrogenic and androgenic signaling, hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis regulation, steroidogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic regulation. Reported outcomes include impaired ovarian function, altered oocyte development, hormonal imbalance, reduced semen quality, defective spermatogenesis, sperm DNA damage, infertility, and adverse developmental or pregnancy-related effects. However, human evidence remains heterogeneous and limited by observational designs, exposure misclassification, residual confounding, and insufficient mixture assessment. Current evidence supports biological plausibility for bisphenol- and phthalate-related reproductive toxicity, but causal inference remains limited. Prospective studies with repeated biomonitoring, standardized reproductive endpoints, sex- and age-specific analyses, and improved mixture modeling are needed. A precautionary reduction in avoidable exposure appears reasonable, particularly during sensitive reproductive and developmental periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1786968086000},"page":"7311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuroendocrine Disruption of Reproduction by Bisphenols and Phthalates: From Molecular Mechanisms to Reproductive Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Codru\u021ba Claudia","family":"Gherman Lencu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology-Fundamental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babe\u0219 Street No. 8, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4090-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cezara Andreea","family":"Gerdanovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Discipline, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii Street No. 18, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Hilda","family":"Or\u0103\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Discipline, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii Street No. 18, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7523-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Monica","family":"Iancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 1, Fundamental Discipline, Anatomy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babe\u0219 Street No. 8, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5185-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Gerdanovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, Viilor Street, No. 46-50, 400066 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8327-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirela Georgiana","family":"Perne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Discipline, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii Street No. 18, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5087-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea Vasile","family":"Milaciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Discipline, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii Street No. 18, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"Negrean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Discipline, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii Street No. 18, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7155-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana Raluca","family":"Dobrot\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Discipline, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii Street No. 18, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2756-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora Gabriela","family":"Alexescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Discipline, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii Street No. 18, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). 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