{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:27:03Z","timestamp":1787300823957,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ferulic acid, a natural phenolic phytotherapeutic, which is mainly found in plant cell walls, has attracted the attention of researchers for its multiple pharmacological properties, especially for its anti-tumor potential. As an efficient antioxidant, the compound counteracts oxidative stress and modulates key molecular pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Recent studies demonstrate that ferulic acid exerts antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-metastatic effects in various tumor models, including colon, breast, liver, and lung cancers. Mechanistically, ferulic acid affects components of prosurvival-signaling pathways such as PI3K\/Akt, MAPK, and NF-\u03baB, and stimulates programmed cell death by diverse mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis. Furthermore, its ability to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs with low toxicity to normal cells underscores its therapeutic potential. Despite promising preclinical anti-tumor activity, low water solubility and bioavailability limit its clinical use. For this reason, several attempts, ranging from chemical derivatives to nanodevices, have been made to improve ferulic bioavailability and anti-tumor efficacy. This review highlights the most significant and recent strategies to ameliorate the anticancer ability of ferulic acid in the perspective of a clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1786968086000},"page":"7324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Updates on the Strategies to Improve the Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Ferulic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0604-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Fiore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Chemistry \u201cEmilio Segr\u00e8\u201d, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3704-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Pellerito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Chemistry \u201cEmilio Segr\u00e8\u201d, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Emanuele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Biochemistry Building, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.05.007","article-title":"Phenolic acids in potatoes, vegetables, and some of their products","volume":"20","author":"Mattila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9681","article-title":"Bioavailability of Ferulic Acid","volume":"253","author":"Bourne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandrakanth, N.N., Zhang, C., Freeman, J., de Souza, W.R., Bartley, L.E., and Mitchell, R.A.C. (2023). Modification of plant cell walls with hydroxycinnamic acids by BAHD acyltransferases. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1088879"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-024-01243-w","article-title":"Ferulic acid: Therapeutic potential due to its antioxidant properties, role in plant growth, and stress tolerance","volume":"104","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buanafina, M.M.d.O., and Morris, P. (2022). The Impact of Cell Wall Feruloylation on Plant Growth, Responses to Environmental Stress, Plant Pathogens and Cell Wall Degradability. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12081847"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidova, S., Galabov, A.S., and Satchanska, G. (2024). Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral Activity, and Mechanisms of Action of Plant Polyphenols. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122502"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156906","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid and Ferulic Acid in SMYAD Alleviate Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Inhibiting Cardiac Lipotoxicity via GCGR\/PPAR\u03b1 and GCGR\/AMPK Pathways","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Peng, X., Lv, G., Zheng, T., Peng, Y., and Li, J. (2025). Revealing Lingonberry\u2019s Neuroprotective Potential in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Through Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052363"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02294-9","article-title":"Ferulic Acid as a Promising Candidate for Developing Selective and Effective Anti-Cancer Therapies","volume":"16","author":"Rauf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-023-00494-0","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Ferulic Acid and Its Derivatives in Tumor Progression","volume":"75","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.01.147","article-title":"Ferulic Acid in Combination with PARP Inhibitor Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cells as Chemotherapeutic Strategy","volume":"458","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1655559","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Enhances the Radiation Sensitivity of Lung and Liver Carcinoma Cells by Collapsing Redox Homeostasis: Mechanistic Involvement of Akt\/P38 MAPK Signalling Pathway","volume":"53","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104130","article-title":"The Chemosensitizer Ferulic Acid Enhances Epirubicin-Induced Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Cells","volume":"73","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256871","DOI":"10.1155\/ijfo\/2256871","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Efficacy of Ferulic Acid and Its Derivatives in the Management of Cancers: A Comprehensive Analysis with Mechanistic Insight","volume":"2025","author":"Ahmmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-018-0595-y","article-title":"The Anticancer Effects of Ferulic Acid Is Associated with Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest and Autophagy in Cervical Cancer Cells","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1177\/10815589241270489","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Inhibits Tumor Proliferation and Attenuates Inflammation of Hepatic Tissues in Experimentally Induced HCC in Rats","volume":"72","author":"Abdulal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e41985","article-title":"Antitumor Activity of Ferulic Acid Against Ehrlich Solid Carcinoma in Rats via Affecting Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress and Cell Proliferation","volume":"15","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"104","article-title":"Mechanism of Ferulic Acid in PI3K\/AKT Pathway and Research in Glioblastoma","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0384-2","article-title":"ROS in Cancer Therapy: The Bright Side of the Moon","volume":"52","author":"Perillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e519","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.519","article-title":"Roles of reactive oxygen species in inflammation and cancer","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Yang, Z., Xu, W., and Chen, Q. (2024). The Antioxidant Properties, Metabolism, Application and Mechanism of Ferulic Acid in Medicine, Food, Cosmetics, Livestock and Poultry. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070853"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(00)00461-4","article-title":"Modifying Effects of Ferulic Acid on Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in F344 Rats","volume":"157","author":"Kawabata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2019.44712","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Prevents Angiogenesis Through Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model","volume":"17","author":"Ekowati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2020.12.005","article-title":"Ferulic acid-mediated modulation of apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer","volume":"Volume 125","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, H.S., Tawfik, M.M., Elnagar, M.R., Mohammed, H.A., Zarka, M.A., and Awad, N.S. (2022). Potential Apoptotic Activities of Hylocereus Undatus Peel and Pulp Extracts in MCF-7 and Caco-2 Cancer Cell Lines. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11172192"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e920095-1","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.920095","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Induces Apoptosis of HeLa and Caski Cervical Carcinoma Cells by Down-Regulating the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R63","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr752","article-title":"Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Selective Phenolic Acids on T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells: Potential Mechanisms of Action","volume":"6","author":"Kampa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2024.2306529","article-title":"Studying the Effects of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Cycas thouarsii R.Br. Leaves on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"52","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217909","article-title":"Autophagy Paradox: Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Progression","volume":"630","author":"Bhol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111816","article-title":"Effects of Ferulic Acid, a Major Component of Rice Bran, on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy of HepG2 Cells","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, X., and Li, J. (2024). Ferroptosis in Lung Cancer: Dual Role, Multi-Level Regulation, and New Therapeutic Strategies. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1360638"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4607966","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4607966","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Mitigates Growth and Invasion of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Inducing Ferroptotic Cell Death","volume":"2022","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892010303032240902063213","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Regulates GSDMD through the ROS\/JNK\/Bax Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway to Induce Pyroptosis in Lung Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoari, A., Ashja Ardalan, A., Dimesa, A.M., and Coban, M.A. (2024). Targeting Invasion: The Role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 Inhibition in Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010035"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.111980","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Ameliorates the Progression of Pulmonary Fibrosis via Inhibition of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad Signalling","volume":"149","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4804","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Exerts Antitumor Activity and Inhibits Metastasis in Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.61186\/phypha.28.4.486","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Mitigates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress by Hindering the Activity of Reactive Oxygen Species and Programmed Cell Death in Rat PC12 Cells","volume":"28","author":"Mehrabani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15068","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in cancer: Current findings and future directions","volume":"112","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8125193","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8125193","article-title":"Corn Husk Ferulic Acid Induces Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells via ROS-Mediated Signaling Pathways","volume":"2024","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meirelles, L.E.D.F., de Souza, M.V.F., Carobeli, L.R., Morelli, F., Mari, N.L., Damke, E., Shinobu Mesquita, C.S., Teixeira, J.J.V., Consolaro, M.E.L., and da Silva, V.R.S. (2023). Combination of Conventional Drugs with Biocompounds Derived from Cinnamic Acid: A Promising Option for Breast Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020275"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112376","article-title":"Novel Doxorubicin\/Folate-Targeted Trans-Ferulic Acid-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Combination: In-Vivo Superiority over Standard Chemotherapeutic Regimen for Breast Cancer Treatment","volume":"145","author":"Helmy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, K., Wu, H., Fan, J., Zhang, L., Li, H., Guo, H., Yang, R., and Li, Z. (2022). The Mixture of Ferulic Acid and P-Coumaric Acid Suppresses Colorectal Cancer through lncRNA 495810\/PKM2 Mediated Aerobic Glycolysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012106"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115682","article-title":"Targeted Delivery and Apoptosis Induction of Trans-Resveratrol-Ferulic Acid Loaded Chitosan Coated Folic Acid Conjugate Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"231","author":"Thangam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G., Hu, N., Gao, J., Li, X., Zhang, B., and Ma, K. (2025). Ferulic Acid Combines with Ascorbic Acid to Target MMP9 to Attenuate Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity Through the p38MAPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060619"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57965-0","article-title":"The Dual Role of Curcumin and Ferulic Acid in Counteracting Chemoresistance and Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Paciello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2025.113198","article-title":"Cyclometalated Iridium Complex as a PD-L1 Inhibitor: Suppressing Expression via COX-2 Blockade","volume":"277","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27645","article-title":"PAMAM G4.5 Dendrimers for Targeted Delivery of Ferulic Acid and Paclitaxel to Overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated Multidrug Resistance","volume":"118","author":"Anbazhagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"297","article-title":"Enhanced Antitumour Efficacy of Ferulic Acid Nanoparticles in Combination with Doxorubicin\u2014A Promising Strategy for Breast Cancer Treatment","volume":"29","author":"Salama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s41936-022-00293-8","article-title":"Enhanced effects of ferulic acid against the harmful side effects of chemotherapy in colon cancer: Docking and in vivo study","volume":"83","author":"Gadelmawla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Zool."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.04.014","article-title":"Solubility and Thermodynamics of Ferulic Acid in Different Neat Solvents: Measurement, Correlation and Molecular Interactions","volume":"236","author":"Shakeel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.107.017558","article-title":"Transport and Metabolism of Ferulic Acid through the Colonic Epithelium","volume":"36","author":"Poquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.DMPK-10-RG-125","article-title":"Identification of the Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Isoforms Involved in the Glucuronidation of the Phytochemical Ferulic Acid","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S206350","article-title":"Improving the Solubility and in Vitro Cytotoxicity (Anticancer Activity) of Ferulic Acid by Loading It into Cyclodextrin Nanosponges","volume":"14","author":"Rezaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120500","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Nanocapsules as a Promising Treatment Modality for Colorectal Cancer: Preparation and in Vitro\/in Vivo Appraisal","volume":"298","author":"Nasr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61670-3","article-title":"Synergic Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Ferulic Acid and Nanostructured Lipid Carrier in Glioblastoma Cells Assessed through Molecular and Delayed Luminescence Studies","volume":"10","author":"Grasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Albani, P., Carbone, C., Sposito, G., Spatuzza, M., Chiacchio, M.A., Grasso, R., Legnani, L., Santonocito, D., Puglia, C., and Parenti, R. (2024). Effect of Ferulic Acid Loaded in Nanoparticle on Tissue Transglutaminase Expression Levels in Human Glioblastoma Cell Line. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158397"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82228-7","article-title":"Characterization and in Vitro Anticancer Study of PEGylated Liposome Dually Loaded with Ferulic Acid and Doxorubicin","volume":"15","author":"Miatmoko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02756-8","article-title":"Alginate and Chitosan-Coated Ferulic Acid-Loaded Selenium Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity against MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"42","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52143-y","article-title":"An Approach for an Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Ferulic Acid-Loaded Polymeric Micelles via MicroRNA-221 Mediated Activation of TP53INP1 in Caco-2 Cell Line","volume":"14","author":"Sweed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2022.105967","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Loaded Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Resistant Starch Nanoparticles Using Ultrasonication: Characterization, in Vitro Release and Nutraceutical Potential","volume":"84","author":"Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.207","article-title":"Intracellular Protein Kinase CK2 Inhibition by Ferulic Acid-Based Trimodal Nanodevice","volume":"165","author":"Zanin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00700","article-title":"Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Delivery of Ferulic Acid and Diosgenin Anticancer Natural Agents","volume":"7","author":"AbouAitah","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147872","article-title":"Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate\/Eudragit\u00ae S100 Nanoparticles Containing Quinic Acid and Ferulic Acid Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis in Rats via Modulating Th17 Cells and pro-Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"330","author":"Badihi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR03729D","article-title":"Recent Advances in Biotin-Based Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2025.130209","article-title":"Redox-Responsive Ferulic Acid-Biotin Conjugate: Design, Synthesis, and Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy","volume":"122","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20231686","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20231686","article-title":"Potential Promising Anticancer Applications of \u03b2-Glucans: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.119002","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Feruloylated Oat \u03b2-Glucan with Antioxidant Activity and Colon-Targeted Delivery","volume":"279","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.101945","article-title":"Metformin as Anticancer Agent and Adjuvant in Cancer Combination Therapy: Current Progress and Future Prospect","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202403199","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202403199","article-title":"Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Metformin-Phenolic Acid Conjugates","volume":"22","author":"Banerjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42509","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA08665J","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Geldanamycin\u2013Ferulic Acid Conjugate as a Potent Hsp90 Inhibitor","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MD00980D","article-title":"Synthesis of New Trans-Ferulic Acid Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents and VEGFR-2 Inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Mohie","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-025-11264-w","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro and in Vivo Anticancer Activity of Mitochondrial Targeted Ferulic Acid Derivatives","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01431","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202501431","article-title":"Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Characterization of 5-Hydroxyferulic Acid: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Hemolytic, and Cytotoxic Potential","volume":"22","author":"Sakouhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2011.01.063","article-title":"Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(I) Complexes of Cinnamic Acid: FT-IR, FT-Raman, 1H and 13C NMR Studies","volume":"993","author":"Kalinowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comptc.2013.02.018","article-title":"Theoretical Investigation of Stereochemistry and Solvent Influence on Antioxidant Activity of Ferulic Acid","volume":"1012","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Theor. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650028","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219633616500280","article-title":"A Theoretical Study on Antioxidant Activity of Ferulic Acid and Its Ester Derivatives","volume":"15","author":"Borgohain","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Theor. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10877","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301807g","article-title":"Biosynthesis, Natural Sources, Dietary Intake, Pharmacokinetic Properties, and Biological Activities of Hydroxycinnamic Acids","volume":"60","author":"Khalifa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101354","article-title":"Ferulic Acid as Anticarcinogenic Agent against 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Induced Colon Cancer in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Alazzouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. King Saud. Univ.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2020.111021","article-title":"Evaluation of the Biological Potential of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Cinnamic Acid","volume":"206","author":"Graminha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.06.009","article-title":"Recovery of Hydroxycinnamic Acids from Renewable Resources by Adsorption on Zeolites","volume":"280","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1021\/je101075q","article-title":"Iron(III), Chromium(III), and Copper(II) Complexes of L-Norvaline and Ferulic Acid","volume":"56","author":"Angkawijaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinowska, M., Go\u0142\u0119biewska, E., Mazur, L., Lewandowska, H., Pruszy\u0144ski, M., \u015awiderski, G., Wyrwas, M., Pawluczuk, N., and Lewandowski, W. (2021). Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic Characterization, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of New Mg(II) and Mn(II)\/Na(I) Complexes of Isoferulic Acid. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123236"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01138-9","article-title":"HPLC Phenolic Profile and Induction of Apoptosis by Linum Usitatissimum Extract in LNCaP Cells by Caspase3 and Bax Pathways","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.09.018","article-title":"Redox Cycling of Endogenous Copper by Ferulic Acid Leads to Cellular DNA Breakage and Consequent Cell Death: A Putative Cancer Chemotherapy Mechanism","volume":"289","author":"Sarwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2024.112609","article-title":"Synthesis and Anti-Tumor Activities of Three Newly Designed Organotin(IV) Carboxylates Complexes","volume":"258","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2022.120901","article-title":"Organotin(IV) Complexes with Epigenetic Modulator Ligands: New Promising Candidates in Cancer Therapy","volume":"536","author":"Pellerito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-328X(96)06686-7","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and in Vitro Antitumour Activity of Triphenyl- and Tri-n-Butyltin Benzoates, Phenylacetates and Cinnamates","volume":"531","author":"Willem","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.131290","article-title":"Five Organotin Complexes Derived from Hydroxycinnamic Acid Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, in Vitro Cytostatic Activity and Binding Interaction with BSA","volume":"1247","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2020.110999","article-title":"Tributyltin(IV) Ferulate, a Novel Synthetic Ferulic Acid Derivative, Induces Autophagic Cell Death in Colon Cancer Cells: From Chemical Synthesis to Biochemical Effects","volume":"205","author":"Pellerito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5648","DOI":"10.1063\/1.464913","article-title":"Density-Functional Thermochemistry. III. The Role of Exact Exchange","volume":"98","author":"Becke","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11623","DOI":"10.1021\/j100096a001","article-title":"Ab Initio Calculation of Vibrational Absorption and Circular Dichroism Spectra Using Density Functional Force Fields","volume":"98","author":"Stephens","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celesia, A., Morana, O., Fiore, T., Pellerito, C., D\u2019Anneo, A., Lauricella, M., Carlisi, D., De Blasio, A., Calvaruso, G., and Giuliano, M. (2020). ROS-Dependent ER Stress and Autophagy Mediate the Anti-Tumor Effects of Tributyltin (IV) Ferulate in Colon Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218135"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2011.12.002","article-title":"Analysis of the Sensitivity of Microorganisms Contaminating Museums and Archives to Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"68","author":"Gutarowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2020.104997","article-title":"Microorganisms Colonising Historical Cardboard Objects from the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in O\u015bwi\u0119cim, Poland and Their Disinfection with Vaporised Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP)","volume":"152","author":"Anna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellerito, C., Presentato, A., Lazzara, G., Cavallaro, G., Alduina, R., and Fiore, T. (2023). New Biocide Based on Tributyltin(IV) Ferulate-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes for Preserving Historical Paper Artworks. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28247953"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s40097-021-00391-z","article-title":"Halloysite Nanotubes Filled with Salicylic Acid and Sodium Diclofenac: Effects of Vacuum Pumping on Loading and Release Properties","volume":"11","author":"Lisuzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanostruct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808646","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808646","article-title":"Poly(Ferulic Acid) with an Anticancer Effect as a Drug Nanocarrier for Enhanced Colon Cancer Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7324\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T08:14:50Z","timestamp":1787300090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27167324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27167324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]}}}