{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:28:58Z","timestamp":1786969738184,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Hong Kong Seed Fund for Basic Research","award":["2401102412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2401102412"]}]},{"name":"University of Hong Kong Seed Fund for Basic Research","award":["2502251761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2502251761"]}]},{"award":["2401102412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2401102412"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zhqgq86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2502251761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2502251761"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zhqgq86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac-related pain, including angina pectoris and pain accompanying myocardial infarction, remains clinically important, and existing treatments are inadequate for some patients. Animal and primary-tissue studies provide important mechanistic evidence, but species differences and limited access to patient-matched human neuro-cardiac tissue constrain translation. This review synthesizes the following separate advances relevant to future human iPSC-based cardiac-pain modeling: molecular mechanisms that may be reconstructed in vitro; platforms ranging from two-dimensional cultures to proposed sensory-innervated three-dimensional and microfluidic systems; and potential applications in target validation, patient-specific modeling, and analgesic screening. We distinguish direct human iPSC evidence from findings obtained in animal, primary-cell, cardiac-only, autonomic-neuron, or non-cardiac pain models. We also discuss maturation, standardization, and regulatory challenges. iPSC technologies may complement existing models and support mechanism-focused, patient-stratified research, but direct validation in human sensory\u2013neuron\u2013cardiac systems remains limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1786968086000},"page":"7333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Platforms for Cardiac-Related Pain Research: Molecular Mechanisms, Experimental Models, and Therapeutic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7659-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boya","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron Kin-ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6668-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8763-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley Sau-ching","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142022 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa820","article-title":"Management of Refractory Angina: An Update","volume":"42","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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