{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:28:04Z","timestamp":1787113684181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014434","name":"Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BPI\/WUE\/2024\/1\/00012\/U\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPI\/WUE\/2024\/1\/00012\/U\/00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["BPI\/WUE\/2024\/1\/00012\/U\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPI\/WUE\/2024\/1\/00012\/U\/00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jf81j23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FERS.01.05-IP.08.-0219\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FERS.01.05-IP.08.-0219\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["FERS.01.05-IP.08.-0219\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FERS.01.05-IP.08.-0219\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium-based implants remain among the most successful biomaterials in modern dentistry, but accumulating evidence demonstrates that titanium is not biologically inert under long-term physiological conditions. Mechanical loading, tribocorrosion, acidic and oxidative microenvironments, and biofilm-driven electrochemical processes contribute to progressive surface degradation and the release of titanium ions, microparticles, and nanoparticles into surrounding tissues and biological fluids. The present narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding the mechanisms of titanium release from dental implant surfaces, the biodistribution of degradation-derived species across local and systemic biological compartments, and the analytical methodologies used to detect and characterize them. Mechanisms of electrochemical corrosion, tribocorrosion, and nanoparticle generation are critically discussed alongside biofilm-mediated acceleration of surface degradation. The biological matrices in which titanium has been measured\u2014including peri-implant tissues, peri-implant crevicular fluid, saliva, blood, regional lymph nodes, and distant organs\u2014are reviewed with attention to the methodologies employed (ICP-MS, SP-ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, TEM, XRF, and synchrotron-based approaches) and their respective strengths and limitations. Methodological heterogeneity in implant characterization, sample preparation, contamination control, and discrimination between ionic and particulate species is identified as a major source of inconsistency across the current literature. The biological consequences of titanium dissemination\u2014including oxidative, immunological, microbiome-associated, and systemic responses\u2014are addressed in detail in a companion review. Together, these analyses are intended to support the design of more rigorous, integrated, and clinically translatable investigations of implant-associated biomaterial degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:42:17Z","timestamp":1786974137000},"page":"7346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Titanium Degradation Products from Dental Implants: Mechanisms of Release, Biodistribution, and Analytical Detection in Biological Matrices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6889-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Antonowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8363-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017baneta Anna","family":"Mierzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5143-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Kosicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology and Robotics in Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, Paris Saclay University, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Borys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403129","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202403129","article-title":"Rethinking Biomedical Titanium Alloy Design: A Review of Challenges from Biological and Manufacturing Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Rabbitt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciszy\u0144ski, M., Chwaliszewski, B., Niemczyk, W., Simka, W., Dominiak, M., and Hadzik, J. (2026). Surface Degradation of Titanium and Zirconia Dental Implants in the Oral Environment: A Scoping Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. 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