{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:26:40Z","timestamp":1786987600087,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFHZ0256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFHZ0256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024YFHZ0256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFHZ0256"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04323m874","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xishuangbanna (XIS) cucumber (Cucumis sativus) originated from low-altitude southwest China and shows extreme cold sensitivity. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP), known for its high bioavailability and surface reactivity relative to bulk HAP, was applied to enhance the cold tolerance of XIS seedlings. We optimized fertilization timing and fertilizer concentration. By determining physiological parameters alongside gene expression profiling and transcriptomic analysis, we preliminarily dissected the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying nHAP-enhanced chilling tolerance. nHAP application preserved free and bound water even at 24 h into the cold-stress treatment, as detected by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Exposure to cold stress caused a chilling injury index (CII) of 73.33%, while foliar spraying of nHAP at gradient concentration reduced CII values by 9.09\u201354.55%. At the same time, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content were decreased by 6.68\u201361.41% and 12.92\u201367.16% respectively; chlorophyll content increased by 0.01\u201373.42%; SOD, POD, and soluble protein content increased by 10.54\u2013161.53%, 16.50\u2013154.33%, and 2.03\u201363.26%, respectively. Soil application of nHAP showed a similar but weaker effect than foliar spraying on alleviating chilling injury, and the optimal concentration was 1000 mg\/L. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that foliar spraying of nHAP upregulated the gene expression of Superoxide dismutase genes (CsCu\/ZnSOD and CsMnSOD) and major facility superfamily genes (CsSPX-MFS1 and CsSPX-MFS2) in the cold treatment. We then profiled the transcriptome changes in seedling leaves during the cold treatment after foliar spraying of nHAP. Without nHAP application, cold stress resulted in a total of 6795 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were functionally enriched in plant\u2013pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Under nHAP application, cold stress only caused 776 DEGs, which were functionally enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and galactose metabolism. These findings suggest that nHAP could improve the cold tolerance of cucumber seedlings through boosting antioxidant activity and plant hormone signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:35:08Z","timestamp":1786984508000},"page":"7358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHAP) in Regulating Chilling Tolerance of Cucumber Seedlings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wajid","family":"Anwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Heng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yungui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dissanayakalage D. N. V.","family":"Dissanayaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1425-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Song","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obel, H.O., Cheng, C., Tian, Z., Li, J., Lou, Q., Yu, X., Wang, Y., Ogweno, J.O., and Chen, J. (2022). Molecular research progress on xishuangbanna cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Xishuangbannesis Qi et Yuan): Current status and future prospects. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12020300"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"259","article-title":"A new type of cucumber-Cucumis sativus L.var. xishuangbannanesis","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Hortic. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Y.S., Shen, D., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Qiu, Y., Wang, H., Dou, X., Li, S., Wu, Y., and Song, J. (2018). Temperature and photoperiod changes affect cucumber sex expression by different epigenetic regulations. BMC Plant Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-018-1490-3"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"15","article-title":"FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene regulates short-day flowering in low latitude Xishuangbanna cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. xishuangbannanesis)","volume":"3","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veg. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae153","article-title":"A nanopore-based cucumber genome assembly reveals structural variations at two QTLs controlling hypocotyl elongation","volume":"195","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R.J., Liu, B., Song, S.S., Salah, R., Song, C.J., Xia, S.W., Hao, Q., Liu, Y.J., Li, Y., and Lai, Y.S. (2024). Lipid-related domestication accounts for the extreme cold sensitivity of semiwild and tropic xishuangbanna cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. xishuangbannanesis). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2915446\/v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salah, R., Zhang, R.J., Xia, S.W., Song, S.S., Hao, Q., Hashem, M.H., Li, H.X., Li, Y., Li, X.X., and Lai, Y.S. (2022). Higher phytohormone contents and weaker phytohormone signal transduction were observed in cold-tolerant cucumber. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070961"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Liu, S., Zhang, Q., Cui, M., Zhao, M., Li, N., Wang, S., Wu, R., Zhang, L., and Cao, Y. (2022). The interaction of ABA and ROS in plant growth and stress resistances. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1050132"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2017.1308568","article-title":"Advances in physiological and molecular aspects of plant cold tolerance","volume":"12","author":"Rihan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadarajah, K.K. (2020). ROS homeostasis in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155208"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, X., Yu, X., Wang, Y., Fu, W., Cao, R., Yang, L., and Ye, X. (2022). Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of glutathione S-transferase gene family to reveal their role in cold stress response in cucumber. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1009883"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwarari, D., Guan, Y., Ahmad, B., Movahedi, A., Min, T., Hao, Z., Lu, Y., Chen, J., and Yang, L. (2022). ICE-CBF-COR Signaling Cascade and Its Regulation in Plants Responding to Cold Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031549"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Z., He, L., and Li, F. (2024). Understanding cold stress response mechanisms in plants: An overview. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1443317"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2026.114881","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of a Camellia japonica line treated with EMS reveals mechanisms underlying enhanced cold stress resistance","volume":"362","author":"Yin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhae231","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhae231","article-title":"Salicylic acid improves chilling tolerance via CsNPR1\u2013CsICE1 interaction in grafted cucumbers","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, F., Fan, X., Tian, R., Wang, M., and Sun, Z. (2025). Crosstalk of Abscisic Acid with Other Hormones and Signaling Molecules in Tomato Cold Stress Tolerance. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11060647"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Song, L., Gong, X., Xu, J., and Li, M. (2020). Functions of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Regulation and Response to Abiotic Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041446"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"74","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: A review of preparation methodologies","volume":"2","author":"Ferraz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2012.0624","article-title":"Nanophase hydroxyapatite as a biomaterial in advanced hard tissue engineering: A review","volume":"19","author":"Zakaria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07781","article-title":"Urea-hydroxyapatite nanohybrids for slow release of nitrogen","volume":"11","author":"Kottegoda","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76389-8","article-title":"Amending clayey and sandy soils with nano-bio phosphorous for regulating tomato growth, biochemical, and physiological characteristics","volume":"14","author":"Baroutkoob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2018.1433836","article-title":"Effect of synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite as an alternative phosphorus source on growth and phosphorus nutrition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant","volume":"41","author":"Taskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Saadony, M.T., Saad, A.M., Soliman, S.M., Salem, H.M., Desoky, E.S.M., Babalghith, A.O., El-Tahan, A.M., Ibrahim, O.M., Ebrahim, A.A.M., and Abd El-Mageed, T.A. (2022). Role of nanoparticles in enhancing crop tolerance to abiotic stress: A comprehensive review. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.946717"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470962","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/470962","article-title":"Effects of nanoparticle hydroxyapatite on growth and antioxidant system in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) from cadmium-contaminated soil","volume":"2014","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EN00751A","article-title":"Bioavailability and movement of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-NPs) applied as a phosphorus fertiliser in soils","volume":"5","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, D., Li, S., Feng, X., Di, Q., Zhou, M., Yu, X., He, C., Yan, Y., Wang, J., and Sun, M. (2023). CsBPC2 is essential for cucumber survival under cold stress. BMC Plant Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-023-04577-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, P., Ahanger, M.A., Alyemeni, M.N., and Alam, P. (2019). Cold Stress and Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, Productivity and Environmental Stress, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119501800"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.03.031","article-title":"Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: Phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation","volume":"408","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI16038-21","article-title":"Phosphorus bioavailability and migration of hydroxyapatite in different sizes as phosphorus fertilizer in camellia oleifera seedlings","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minutello, F., Ertem, I., Szameitat, A., Martin-Bertelsen, B., Andersen, B., Del Balso, A., Henkel, C., Gao, X., Ghoshal, S., and Husted, S. (2025). Advancing phosphorus foliar fertilization with nano-hydroxyapatite: Mechanisms and agricultural relevance. Res. Sq., preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8347454\/v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c09325","article-title":"Phosphorus release from nano-hydroxyapatite derived from biowastes in the presence of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria: A soil column experiment","volume":"73","author":"Pilotto","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iavicoli, I., Leso, V., Fontana, L., and Calabrese, E.J. (2018). Nanoparticle Exposure and Hormetic Dose\u2013Responses: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030805"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Ikram, M., Xiao, J., Khan, A., Din, I., and Huang, J. (2024). Influence of Foliar Application of Nanoparticles on Low Temperature Resistance of Rice Seedlings. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13212949"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, C.A., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2021). The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12229-021-09267-x","article-title":"Overview of cold stress regulation in plants","volume":"88","author":"Manasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bot. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhammad, B.A., Ahmad, A., and Seleiman, M.F. (2023). Nano-Hydroxyapatite and ZnO-NPs Mitigate Pb Stress in Maize. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13041174"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108821","article-title":"Exogenous phosphatidylcholine treatment alleviates drought stress and maintains the integrity of root cell membranes in peach","volume":"259","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., and Fujita, M. (2022). Plant Oxidative Stress: Biology, Physiology and Mitigation. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091185"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s44372-026-00626-9","article-title":"Dose dependent phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of synthesized hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on Vicia faba seedlings","volume":"3","author":"Jalali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Plants"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Shi, Y., Hou, L., Khan, A., Zhang, R., and Zhang, Y. (2025). Mechanism of Exogenous Silicon in Enhancing Cold Stress Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Seedlings: Insights from Resistance and Quality Indicators. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11010004"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138686","article-title":"Effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and nano hydroxyapatite on Pb and Cd stressed rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling","volume":"329","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(08)60264-3","article-title":"Gene expression and activities of SOD in cucumber seedlings were related with concentrations of Mn2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ under low temperature stress","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5686","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05686","article-title":"Synthetic apatite nanoparticles as a phosphorus fertilizer for soybean (Glycine max)","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN00974A","article-title":"Unravelling the interactions between nano-hydroxyapatite and the roots of phosphorus deficient barley plants","volume":"8","author":"Szameitat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-023-00437-0","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: An alternative to conventional phosphorus fertilizers in acidic culture media","volume":"10","author":"Noruzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Liang, C., Tian, J., and Xue, Y. (2022). Advances in Plant Lipid Metabolism Responses to Phosphate Scarcity. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11172238"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, P., Yang, T., and Poovaiah, B.W. (2018). Calcium Signaling-Mediated Plant Response to Cold Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123896"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, Z., Memon, A.G., Ahmad, A., and Iqbal, M.S. (2022). Calcium mediated cold acclimation in plants: Underlying signaling and molecular mechanisms. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.855559"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"167","article-title":"The role and regulation of receptor-like kinases in plant defense","volume":"1","author":"Goff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene Regul. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, A., and Oelm\u00fcller, R. (2023). Emerging Roles of Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914762"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2025.100854","article-title":"Plant genotype and microbial strain combinations strongly influence the transcriptome under heavy metal stress conditions in Medicago truncatula","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"100459","article-title":"Novel applications of exogenous melatonin on cold stress mitigation in postharvest cucumbers","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.03.076","article-title":"Study the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution on hydroxyapatite nanopowders","volume":"161","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan, S., Alyemeni, M.N., Wijaya, L., Alam, P., Siddique, K.H., and Ahmad, P. (2018). Interactive effect of 24-epibrassinolide and silicon alleviates cadmium stress via the modulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems and macronutrient content in Pisum sativum L. seedlings. BMC Plant Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-018-1359-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-009-0385-1","article-title":"Effect of salt stress on cucumber: Na+\u2013K+ ratio, osmolyte concentration, phenols and chlorophyll content","volume":"32","author":"Tiwari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e025","article-title":"Abscisic acid participates in melatonin-induced chilling tolerance of cucumber via regulating photosynthesis and the antioxidant system","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veg. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.65.2.245","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation associated with accelerated aging of soybean axes","volume":"65","author":"Stewart","year":"1980","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.1.53","article-title":"Apoplastic peroxidases and lignification in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.)","volume":"106","author":"Polle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5283.1853","article-title":"Initiation of runaway cell death in an Arabidopsis mutant by extracellular superoxide","volume":"273","author":"Jabs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)48036-1","article-title":"[34] Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-020-02565-5","article-title":"The CsGPA1-CsAQPs module is essential for salt tolerance of cucumber seedlings","volume":"39","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118109","article-title":"Characterization of stable and unstable states of moisture in wood during sorption by low-field NMR","volume":"210","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2018-0293","article-title":"Using low-field NMR and MRI to characterize water status and distribution in modified wood during water absorption","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3317","article-title":"HISAT: A fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:36:42Z","timestamp":1786984602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27167358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27167358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}