{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:54:34Z","timestamp":1793458474860,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mounting evidence implicates dysregulation of the neuroimmune system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Neuroimmune cells, namely microglia and astrocytes, have the potential to contribute to AD through mechanisms such as promoting neuroinflammation and propagating amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) and tau aggregates. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived models offer advantages for studying the AD neuroimmune system, such as recapitulating genetic variants associated with the disease and allowing for precise manipulation of human cells in vitro. Here, we provide an overview of modern techniques for generating 2-dimensional (2D) monocultures and co-cultures, 3-dimensional (3D) organoids and assembloids, and chimeras containing hiPSC-derived microglia and astrocytes. Then, we highlight recent studies that have utilized hiPSC-derived neuroimmune models to investigate AD risk variants in genes encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) and triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), mutations known to cause familial AD in genes encoding presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and 2 (PSEN2) and amyloid precursor protein (APP), and trisomy 21 leading to Down syndrome-associated AD (DS-AD). We then briefly summarize recent studies that have utilized hiPSC-derived neuroimmune models lacking disease-associated variants to study the clearance of A\u03b2 and tau aggregates. Finally, we discuss notable limitations of these models and reflect on future directions for this area of research, including the use of cultures with increasing cellular diversity and structural complexity, advancements in live-imaging techniques for detecting AD pathology in vitro, and drug screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1787040521000},"page":"7360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human Stem Cell-Derived Models of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimmune System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Rose A.","family":"Summers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Cambridge Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Quang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Alzheimer\u2019s and Cognition Center, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0969-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Alzheimer\u2019s and Cognition Center, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2025). 2025 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. 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