{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T04:26:35Z","timestamp":1787199995823,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017170","name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TUFF 60\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUFF 60\/2566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["TUFF 60\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUFF 60\/2566"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000025p04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005790","name":"Thammasat University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["TUPD14\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUPD14\/2564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["TUPD14\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TUPD14\/2564"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002yp7f20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benjakul (BJK) remedy, traditionally used to balance the four elements, has demonstrated clinical efficacy in relieving inflammation and allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms. This study investigated differential serum peptide expression in AR patients treated with BJK remedy compared to loratadine using MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS\/MS. MALDI-TOF MS revealed four shared mass peptide patterns that were significantly upregulated (p &lt; 0.05) after 3 and 6 weeks of both treatments. Identifying the peptides, 17\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17\u03b2-HSD) and microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1) were linked to inflammatory suppression and hormonal balance, while zinc finger CCCH-type containing 4 (ZC3H4) and transducin beta-like protein 3 (TBL3) were associated with the relief of pulmonary fibrosis. Conversely, zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3) and transformation\/transcription domain-associated protein (TRRAP) remained elevated after treatment, potentially promoting persistent inflammation via E2F transcription factor 1- (E2F1-) and E2F transcription factor 4- (E2F4-) mediated transcription. Among 1113 peptides identified by LC-MS\/MS (selected using a significance threshold of p &lt; 0.05, without a fixed fold-change cutoff), 6-week treatment with BJK remedy significantly downregulated UBQLN1 (4.562-fold; p = 0.016), suppressing toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and B-cell proliferation. It also upregulated Prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) and PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 (PDLIM2) (7.841-fold and 8.697-fold, respectively; p = 0.004 and 0.002), while enhancing antioxidant and immunoregulatory responses via ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 8 (ABCB8) and ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3 (ARFGAP3). By comparison, 3 weeks loratadine treatment significantly downregulated E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) and general transcription factor IIIC subunit 6 (GTF3C6) (p = 0.034 and 0.017) and upregulated CTD small phosphatase like 2 (CTDSPL2), suggesting a distinct but complementary anti-inflammatory mechanism. Together, these findings enhance the understanding of AR pathophysiology and may help to elucidate the mechanisms of BJK remedy and loratadine in treatment, supporting the further development of targeted therapies and biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:11Z","timestamp":1787069531000},"page":"7389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Peptidomic Analysis in a Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Benjakul Remedy Versus Loratadine in Allergic Rhinitis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Vilailak","family":"Tiyao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3696-8390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sittiruk","family":"Roytrakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1471-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janthima","family":"Jaresitthikunchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawanya","family":"Charoenlappanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narumon","family":"Phaonakrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katanchalee","family":"Houngiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichamon","family":"Mukkasombut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6614-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranporn","family":"Kuropakornpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Thai Traditional Medicine Research (CEATMR), Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9863-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunita","family":"Makchuchit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Thai Traditional Medicine Research (CEATMR), Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat Postdoctoral Fellowship, Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waipoj","family":"Chanvimalueng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-1471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neal M.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunporn","family":"Itharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Applied Thai Traditional Medicine Research 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