{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1787135073625,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicinal plants remain one of the most important sources of therapeutically relevant compounds for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biotechnological applications. However, the naturally low abundance of many specialized metabolites, considerable phytochemical variability, and increasing environmental pressures continue to limit the sustainable exploitation of plant-derived bioactive compounds. This review summarizes current strategies aimed at identifying, understanding, and enhancing the production of medicinally valuable metabolites while highlighting both biological limitations and emerging technological opportunities. Particular attention is given to the interplay between primary and secondary metabolism and its role in determining biosynthetic efficiency in both natural and engineered systems. Beyond discussing established methodologies, this review adopts a broader perspective by incorporating less frequently addressed aspects, including the influence of climate change on metabolite production, the application of bioinformatics-supported approaches to improve bioprospecting efficiency, and the growing role of nanoparticles as elicitors in plant biotechnology. These topics are considered alongside advances in tissue culture technologies, metabolic engineering, molecular approaches, and systems-level analyses aimed at improving metabolite yield and production stability. Current evidence suggests that no single technological framework is sufficient to address the complexity of medicinal plant metabolism. Hence, rather than presenting individual technologies as isolated solutions to specific biosynthetic bottlenecks, this review emphasizes that medicinal plant metabolism should be considered a highly interconnected system in which environmental, molecular, and physiological factors collectively determine production outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:30:53Z","timestamp":1787131853000},"page":"7407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Convergence of Biotechnological Strategies in Medicinal Plants: From Individual Approaches Toward an Integrated Systems Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Hnatuszko-Konka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6735-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Gerszberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Libik-Konieczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4479-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Tuleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6785-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"G\u00f3ralski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Bojko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"K\u0119dra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-7934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"My\u015bliwa-Kurdziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Wiktorek-Smagur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Academy of Business and Health Sciences, Piotrkowska 278, 90-361 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Krupi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12\/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuca, K., Patocka, J., Kumar, V., and Dhalaria, R. 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