{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:31:47Z","timestamp":1787157107514,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Department of Education Science and Technology Project","award":["20B306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20B306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vivipary adversely affects the production process of the cucumber seed industry and greatly limits the popularization of cucumber varieties. Identification of the cucumber seed vivipary phenotype and screening of vivipary-associated genes will provide important theoretical value and practical significance for solving this problem in agricultural production. In this study, cucumber near-isogenic lines with significant differences in vivipary traits (viviparous line F and non-viviparous line BF) were successfully screened and used to construct genetic populations. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and QTL-seq were performed to fine-map the major-effect quantitative trait locus associated with vivipary variation. Based on QTL and BSA analyses, CsaV3_3G044640 (designated CsCYP82D47), which encodes a cytochrome P450 family protein, was identified as a candidate gene associated with cucumber vivipary. CsCYP82D47 exhibits obvious tissue specificity and is highly expressed in leaves, sprouts, and seeds. However, no significant difference in CsCYP82D47 expression was detected between viviparous and non-viviparous cucumber materials. Further sequence analysis revealed multiple mutation sites in this gene between different genotypes. Specifically, the CYP82D47 protein in viviparous materials harbours one amino acid insertion (L63) and two missense mutations (M71L and S124L). In addition, the altered leucine residue distribution in viviparous cucumber may enlarge the substrate channel and enhance substrate catalytic efficiency, which may contribute to the vivipary phenotype. In summary, this study identifies a promising candidate gene potentially related to cucumber vivipary, which lays a foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism underlying cucumber vivipary and provides a potential genetic resource for cucumber molecular breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:12:58Z","timestamp":1787155978000},"page":"7428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CsCYP82D47 Is Identified as a Candidate Gene for Vivipary in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meina","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5278-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruozhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-021-03895-y","article-title":"Molecular research progress and improvement approach of fruit quality traits in cucumber","volume":"134","author":"Gebretsadik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-019-03484-0","article-title":"Recent progress on the molecular breeding of Cucumis sativus L. in China","volume":"133","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01557-2","article-title":"Evolution of lizard viviparity","volume":"5","author":"Whittington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2026.102895","article-title":"Regulation of spikelet number during wheat spike development","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, L., Yang, R., Wang, Y., Asad, M.A.U.M., Wang, Y., Chang, Z., Miao, T., Yang, S., Wei, Y., and Wu, S. (2025). Integrative genomic and transcriptomic approaches decipher pre-harvest sprouting resistance in rice. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1692942"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1006.2024.43008","article-title":"Cloning and functional study of ear germination mutant vp2 in maize","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Agron. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1448","article-title":"Growth and development of intracavity seeds of Muskmelon with thick skin","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. South. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.20.00499","article-title":"METHYLTRANSFERASE1 and Ripening Modulate Vivipary during Tomato Fruit Development","volume":"183","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15659","article-title":"Asserting dominance: The subgenome networks underlying Canola seed development","volume":"109","author":"Fernie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jkab370","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab370","article-title":"Optimization of BSA-seq experiment for QTL mapping","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen, S., Xu, S., Wang, M., Ma, T., Chen, N., Wang, J., Zheng, H., Yang, L., Zou, D., and Xin, W. (2023). BSA-Seq for the Identification of Major Genes for EPN in Rice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914838"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"13","article-title":"Relationship between Chinese pumpkin genotype, seed maturity and seed germination","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"North. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao, M., Li, S., Deng, Q., Wang, H., and Yang, R. (2021). Identification of a major-effect QTL associated with pre-harvest sprouting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using the QTL-seq method. BMC Genom., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07548-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, C.M., Park, H.S., Baek, M.K., Jeong, O.Y., Seo, J., and Kim, S.M. (2023). QTL mapping and improvement of pre-harvest sprouting resistance using japonica weedy rice. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1194058"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cabral, A.L., Jordan, M.C., McCartney, C.A., You, F.M., Humphreys, D.G., MacLachlan, R., and Pozniak, C.J. (2014). Identification of candidate genes, regions and markers for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC Plant Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-014-0340-1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02621.x","article-title":"The maize Viviparous10\/Viviparous13 locus encodes the Cnx1 gene required for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis","volume":"45","author":"Porch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313x.1997.12040911.x","article-title":"Genotype and environment interact to control dormancy and differential expression of the VIVIPAROUS 1 homologue in embryos of Avena fatua","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08083-z","article-title":"Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: An overview","volume":"123","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b00322","article-title":"Maize VIVIPAROUS1 Interacts with ABA INSENSITIVE5 to Regulate GALACTINOL SYNTHASE2 Expression Controlling Seed Raffinose Accumulation","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, X., Gong, F., Yang, L., Hu, X., Tai, F., and Wang, W. (2014). Proteomic analysis reveals differential accumulation of small heat shock proteins and late embryogenesis abundant proteins between ABA-deficient mutant vp5 seeds and wild-type Vp5 seeds in maize. Front. Plant Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00801"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-015-2636-4","article-title":"Identification of markers linked to genes for sprouting tolerance (independent of grain color) in hard white winter wheat (HWWW)","volume":"129","author":"Fakthongphan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17312","article-title":"Myb10-D confers PHS-3D resistance to pre-harvest sprouting by regulating NCED in ABA biosynthesis pathway of wheat","volume":"230","author":"Lang","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sano, N., and Marion-Poll, A. (2021). ABA Metabolism and Homeostasis in Seed Dormancy and Germination. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105069"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13001","article-title":"The role of light in regulating seed dormancy and germination","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mu, Y., Liu, Y., Bai, L., Li, S., He, C., Yan, Y., Yu, X., and Li, Y. (2017). Cucumber CsBPCs Regulate the Expression of CsABI3 during Seed Germination. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00459"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10285-w","article-title":"Utilizing CRISPR-based genetic modification for precise control of seed dormancy: Progress, obstacles, and potential directions","volume":"52","author":"Rachappanavar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang, J., Li, J., Li, J., Chen, X., Jiao, J., Li, J., Song, Z., and Zhang, B. (2024). The GA and ABA signaling is required for hydrogen-mediated seed germination in wax gourd. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05193-3"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13043","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations in salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide in sunflower seeds during transition from dormancy to germination","volume":"169","author":"Vigliocco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Q.Y., Yang, L., Ge, N., Jia, J.S., Huang, R.M., Chen, C., Meng, Z.G., Li, L.G., and Chen, J.W. (2023). Exogenous abscisic acid prolongs the dormancy of recalcitrant seed of Panax notoginseng. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1054736"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Da Costa, M.V.J., Ramegowda, V., Sreeman, S., and Nataraja, K.N. (2021). Targeted Phytohormone Profiling Identifies Potential Regulators of Spikelet Sterility in Rice under Combined Drought and Heat Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111690"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88874-5","article-title":"ATHB2 is a negative regulator of germination in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds","volume":"11","author":"Tognacca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-018-2950-6","article-title":"The tomato IQD gene SUN24 regulates seed germination through ABA signaling pathway","volume":"248","author":"Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12284-022-00550-y","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing of 117 Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines for Genetic Analyses of Complex Traits in Rice","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rice"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110938","article-title":"A regulatory loop involving the cytochrome P450-soluble epoxide hydrolase axis and TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Faponle, A.S., Roy, A., Adelegan, A.A., and Gauld, J.W. (2021). Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a Cytochrome P450 from Tepidiphilus thermophilus (P450-TT) Reveal How Its Substrate-Binding Channel Opens. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123614"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2016.1178771","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 structure-function: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations","volume":"48","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2022.111233","article-title":"A cytochrome P450 superfamily gene, IbCYP82D47, increases carotenoid contents in transgenic sweet potato","volume":"318","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Sci. Int. J. Exp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-024-01287-1","article-title":"Overexpression of cucumber CYP82D47 enhances resistance to powdery mildew and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2023.112150","article-title":"Key regulators in the architecture of substrate access\/egress channels in mammalian cytochromes P450 governing flexibility in substrate oxyfunctionalization","volume":"241","author":"Hlavica","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2020.100473","article-title":"The advanced paraffin-section preparation technique based on multiple cumulus-oocyte complexes rather than ovaries in ovine","volume":"21","author":"Namei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.06.058","article-title":"An overview of sample preparation and extraction of synthetic pyrethroids from water, sediment and soil","volume":"1217","author":"Albaseer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04689","article-title":"Validation of the Mass-Extraction-Window for Quantitative Methods Using Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry","volume":"88","author":"Glauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4811-8-47","article-title":"An UPLC-MS\/MS method for highly sensitive high-throughput analysis of phytohormones in plant tissues","volume":"8","author":"Balcke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou, G., Chen, C., Liu, X., Yang, K., Wang, C., Lu, X., Tian, Y., and Chen, H. (2022). The Formation of Hollow Trait in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruit Is Controlled by CsALMT2. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116173"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-03797-4","article-title":"Duplex Real-Time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR Assays for the Detection of Toxigenic Microcystis Genotypes Based on SNP\/InDel Variation in mcy Gene Cluster","volume":"81","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7428\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:13:04Z","timestamp":1787155984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27167428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27167428","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}