{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1787372822945,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean government","award":["RS-2025-02263193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02263193"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2023-00262733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00262733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RS-2023-00262733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00262733"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wpjm123","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative conditions are incurable, progressive disorders characterized by the slow and irreversible loss of neurons. This neuronal loss can lead to several neuropsychiatric disorders and long-term complications. Despite significant advances in understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease, currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the urgent need for novel neuroprotective strategies. Alkaloids are an important class of bioactive substances that exhibit neuroprotection against several neurodegenerative diseases. Tryptanthrin, an indoloquinazoline alkaloid, shows strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. In this review, we described the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and summarized several alkaloids\u2019 neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, we showed protective benefits of tryptanthrin and its derivatives against neurodegenerative illnesses, focusing on their modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and related signaling pathways in cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, various challenges, such as clinical evidence, pharmacokinetic studies, and long-term treatment effects, are not well documented. Future research on tryptanthrin and its derivatives should focus on the optimization of drug delivery methodologies and clinical studies to establish its potential as a therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1787213420000},"page":"7436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alkaloids as Emerging Neuroprotective Agents for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Insights into Tryptanthrin and Its Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5134-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanif","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5778-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"IL-Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7860-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badr Abdullah","family":"Aldahmash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabsik","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Sung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317522","article-title":"Neurodegeneration: What is it and where are we?","volume":"111","author":"Przedborski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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