{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:25:25Z","timestamp":1787221525661,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Clean\u2212and\u2212Low\u2212Carbon Energy","award":["S930025015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S930025015"]}]},{"award":["S930025015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S930025015"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021atz428","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52475381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52475381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475381"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the challenges of weak NO3\u2212 adsorption, insufficient active hydrogen supply, and facile desorption of NO2\u2212 intermediates in neutral electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), this study employs laser nano-welding technology to fabricate a Ru\/WO3 heterojunction, and constructs a Ru\/WO3\/Cu(OH)2\/FC spatially confined electrode using Cu(OH)2 nanorod arrays as the support. Laser welding achieves metallurgical-grade bonding between Ru and WO3 while retaining oxygen vacancies in WO3. Cu(OH)2 promotes NO3\u2212 adsorption via electrostatic and Lewis acid interactions, and its nanorod array structure confines NO2\u2212 intermediates. In 0.5 M K2SO4 + 50 mM KNO3 electrolyte, the electrode delivers an ammonia yield rate of 16.1 mg h\u22121 cm\u22122 and a Faradaic efficiency of 75.8% at \u22120.8 V vs. RHE, outperforming control groups. Potential-dependent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirms that spatial confinement suppresses NO2\u2212 accumulation and optimizes interfacial charge transfer kinetics, providing a new strategy for electrode design in neutral NO3RR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"7443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Confinement Modulated Ru\/WO3 Heterointerface for Tandem Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion in Neutral Electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8097-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijiao","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3952-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luchan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modification, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chufu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Feizpoor, S., Chen, H.C., Li, L., Zuo, Y., Tian, S., Liu, M., Hu, W., and Humayun, M. 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