{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:25:25Z","timestamp":1787221525532,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe decline and death of young table grapevines (1 to 2 years old) have been observed recurrently in commercial vineyards in Peru since 2022. Affected plants developed rapid shoot wilting associated with extensive necrotic lesions at the rootstock collar below the graft union, leading to plant death within days of symptom onset. A Cylindrocarpon-like fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic collar tissues. Morphological characterization, cardinal temperature assays, and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and histone H3 (his3) gene identified the pathogen as a member of the genus Pleiocarpon. Bayesian inference of concatenated sequences resolved the Peruvian isolates as a lineage sister to P. strelitziae (posterior probability = 1.00). Greenhouse pathogenicity tests with two representative isolates on cv. Red Globe grafted onto Salt Creek rootstock reproduced collar lesions and shoot wilting, fulfilling Koch\u2019s postulates. Optimal mycelial growth was estimated at 28.7\u201329.3 \u00b0C, with maximum colony growth recorded at 30 \u00b0C, consistent with the warm conditions that prevail during vineyard establishment in coastal Peru. Designated here as collar rot, the syndrome represents an atypically severe form of black foot disease, characterized by extensive belowground collar necrosis and rapid vine collapse soon after planting. Its recurrence across regions and seasons, together with the near-exclusive deployment of a single rootstock (Salt Creek), indicates that Pleiocarpon-associated collar rot is an emerging threat to young table grape plantings in Peru, underscoring the need for early diagnosis, pathogen-free nursery material, and preventive management during vineyard establishment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"7448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Collar Rot of Young Table Grapevines Associated with Pleiocarpon sp. in Coastal Peru"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6174-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Ca\u00f1ete, Jr. San Agust\u00edn 124, San Vicente de Ca\u00f1ete, Ca\u00f1ete, Lima 15701, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo Agrobiotecnol\u00f3gico de la Costa Peruana, Universidad Nacional de Ca\u00f1ete, Jr. San Agust\u00edn 124, San Vicente de Ca\u00f1ete, Ca\u00f1ete, Lima 15701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Salcedo-Astorima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Ca\u00f1ete, Jr. San Agust\u00edn 124, San Vicente de Ca\u00f1ete, Ca\u00f1ete, Lima 15701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7920-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Orme\u00f1o-V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo Agrobiotecnol\u00f3gico de la Costa Peruana, Universidad Nacional de Ca\u00f1ete, Jr. San Agust\u00edn 124, San Vicente de Ca\u00f1ete, Ca\u00f1ete, Lima 15701, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naysha","family":"Rojas-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Ca\u00f1ete, Jr. San Agust\u00edn 124, San Vicente de Ca\u00f1ete, Ca\u00f1ete, Lima 15701, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo Agrobiotecnol\u00f3gico de la Costa Peruana, Universidad Nacional de Ca\u00f1ete, Jr. San Agust\u00edn 124, San Vicente de Ca\u00f1ete, Ca\u00f1ete, Lima 15701, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-9376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Soto-Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Acad\u00e9mico de Fitopatolog\u00eda, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, La Molina, Lima 15026, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e42251","article-title":"Pisco, an Appellation of Origin from Peru: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Palma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"USDA (2026, May 30). Foreign Agricultural Service Fresh Deciduous Fruit Annual\u2014Peru, Available online: https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/newgainapi\/api\/Report\/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Fresh%20Deciduous%20Fruit%20Annual_Lima_Peru_PE2024-0018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"PROVID (2026, May 30). Peru Exported 81,424,326 Boxes of Table Grapes. Available online: https:\/\/www.tridge.com\/news\/provid-peru-exported-81424326-boxes-of-table-wujjht."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-01-19-0067-PDN","article-title":"First Report of Fusarium equiseti Causing Vascular Wilt Disease on Vitis Vinifera in Spain","volume":"103","author":"Tello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"469","article-title":"Grapevine Trunk Diseases in British Columbia: Incidence and Characterization of the Fungal Pathogens Associated with Esca and Petri Diseases of Grapevine","volume":"98","author":"Haag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akg\u00fcl, D.S., \u00d6nder, S., Sava\u015f, N.G., Y\u0131ld\u0131z, M., B\u00fclb\u00fcl, \u0130., and \u00d6zarslandan, M. (2024). Molecular Identification and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species Associated with Wood Canker, Root and Basal Rot in Turkish Grapevine Nurseries. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.1204.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-011-9791-5","article-title":"Characterisation and Detection of Pythium and Phytophthora Species Associated with Grapevines in South Africa","volume":"131","author":"Spies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"532","article-title":"Assessing the Magnitude of Potential Environmental Impacts Related to Water and Toxicity in the Peruvian Hyper-Arid Coast: A Case Study for the Cultivation of Grapes for Pisco Production","volume":"601\u2013602","author":"Quispe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03111-8","article-title":"Grapevine Trunk Diseases under Thermal and Water Stresses","volume":"249","author":"Songy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"395","article-title":"Grapevine Trunk Disease Fungi: Their Roles as Latent Pathogens and Stress Factors That Favour Disease Development and Symptom Expression","volume":"59","author":"Hrycan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"425","article-title":"Occurrence of Grapevine Trunk Pathogens in Nurseries and Vineyards in the Northern and Southern Coast of Peru","volume":"51","author":"Alvarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Munive, J., Tamayo, D., Castilla, P.C., Agust\u00ed-Brisach, C., Gramaje, D., Armengol, J., and Alvarez, L.A. (2013, January 1\u20135). Wood-Inhabiting Fungi Associated with Grapevine Infections in Nurseries and Vineyards in Peru. Proceedings of the XXII Peruvian Congress of Phytopathology and XVII Latin American Congress of Phytopathology, Lambayeque, Peru."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-70-1038","article-title":"Comparison of Two Media Selective for Phytophthora and Pythium Species","volume":"70","author":"Jeffers","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024712415326","article-title":"Studies on in Vitro Growth and Pathogenicity of European Fusarium Fungi","volume":"109","author":"Brennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13585","article-title":"rTPC and nls.multstart: A New Pipeline to Fit Thermal Performance Curves in R","volume":"12","author":"Padfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer International Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x","article-title":"ITS Primers with Enhanced Specificity for Basidiomycetes\u2014Application to the Identification of Mycorrhizae and Rusts","volume":"2","author":"Gardes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J.W. (1990). Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"415","article-title":"Calonectria Species and Their Cylindrocladium Anamorphs: Species with Sphaeropedunculate Vesicles","volume":"50","author":"Crous","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-019-01708-z","article-title":"Characterization and Pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon-like Asexual Morphs Associated with Black Foot Disease in Algerian Grapevine Nurseries, with the Description of Pleiocarpon algeriense Sp. Nov","volume":"154","author":"Elena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-020-02082-x","article-title":"Cylindrocladiella peruviana and Pleiocarpon algeriense Causing Stem and Crown Rot on Avocado (Persea Americana)","volume":"158","author":"Aiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","article-title":"Geneious Basic: An Integrated and Extendable Desktop Software Platform for the Organization and Analysis of Sequence Data","volume":"28","author":"Kearse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334","article-title":"Selection of Conserved Blocks from Multiple Alignments for Their Use in Phylogenetic Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Castresana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg180","article-title":"MrBayes 3: Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference under Mixed Models","volume":"19","author":"Ronquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"10","article-title":"Occurrence Fungi Causing Black Foot on Young Grapevines and Nursery Rootstock Plants in Italy","volume":"56","author":"Carlucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeywickrama, P.D., Zhang, W., Li, X., Jayawardena, R.S., Hyde, K.D., and Yan, J. (2021). Campylocarpon fasciculare (Nectriaceae, Sordariomycetes); Novel Emergence of Black-Foot Causing Pathogen on Young Grapevines in China. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121555"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-121323-022259","article-title":"Fungal Trunk Diseases: A Global Threat to Grapevines","volume":"63","author":"Fontaine","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1000","article-title":"A Review of Black Foot Disease of Grapevine","volume":"45","author":"Hallenn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"245","article-title":"Black-Foot Disease of Grapevine: An Update on Taxonomy, Epidemiology and Management Strategies","volume":"52","author":"Armengol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-04-17-0512-FE","article-title":"Managing Grapevine Trunk Diseases with Respect to Etiology and Epidemiology: Current Strategies and Future Prospects","volume":"102","author":"Gramaje","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5598\/imafungus.2017.08.01.05","article-title":"Pleiocarpon Gen. Nov. and a New Species of Ilyonectria Causing Basal Rot of Strelitzia Reginae in Italy","volume":"8","author":"Aiello","year":"2017","journal-title":"IMA Fungus"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/21501203.2023.2210603","article-title":"Heteroverticillium phytelephatis Gen. et Sp. Nov. Intercepted from Nuts of Phytelephas macrocarpa, with an Updated Phylogenetic Assessment of Nectriaceae","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycology"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"59","article-title":"Taxonomy and Multi-Locus Phylogeny of Cylindrocarpon-like Species Associated with Diseased Roots of Grapevine and Other Fruit and Nut Crops in California","volume":"4","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Syst. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2011.09.010","article-title":"Multi-Gene Analysis and Morphology Reveal Novel Ilyonectria Species Associated with Black Foot Disease of Grapevines","volume":"116","author":"Cabral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-01-18-0171-RE","article-title":"Survey, Identification, and Characterization of Cylindrocarpon-Like Asexual Morphs in Spanish Forest Nurseries","volume":"102","author":"Cabral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-022-02535-5","article-title":"Occurrence and Diversity of Black-Foot Pathogens on Asymptomatic Nursery-Produced Grapevines in Turkiye","volume":"164","author":"Leon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez, D.L., Celis, N., Anderson, R.G., and Sandhu, D. (2019). Grape Rootstock Response to Salinity, Water and Combined Salinity and Water Stresses. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9060321"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2018.18027","article-title":"Vitis Spp. Rootstocks Are Poor Hosts for Meloidogyne hapla, a Nematode Commonly Found in Washington Winegrape Vineyards","volume":"70","author":"Zasada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"167","article-title":"Effect of Different Grape Rootstocks on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Superior Grape under Salt Stress","volume":"8","author":"Elaidy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Middle East J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"62","article-title":"The Relative Susceptibility of Grapevine Rootstocks to Black Foot Disease Is Dependent on Inoculum Pressure","volume":"74","author":"Bleach","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Z. Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143420","article-title":"Climate Change Effects on Plant Disease: Genomes to Ecosystems","volume":"44","author":"Garrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-19-0484-RE","article-title":"Occurrence and Diversity of Black-Foot Disease Fungi in Symptomless Grapevine Nursery Stock in Spain","volume":"104","author":"Berlanas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-01-11-0025","article-title":"Fungal Trunk Pathogens in the Grapevine Propagation Process: Potential Inoculum Sources, Detection, Identification, and Management Strategies","volume":"95","author":"Gramaje","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Dis."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7448\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:50:12Z","timestamp":1787219412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/16\/7448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27167448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27167448","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}