{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T05:22:45Z","timestamp":1787376165782,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019644","name":"Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BR24892821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24892821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019644","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["BR24892821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24892821"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03577hm03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR24992903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24992903"]}]},{"award":["BR24992903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24992903"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major cereal in Kazakhstan, where diverse breeding material supports crop improvement. We characterized 86 two-row spring barley accessions from six breeding organizations using the Illumina Infinium 50K Barley SNP Array. Analysis of 29,920 high-quality SNPs revealed moderate diversity (He = 0.346, PIC = 0.278, Shannon = 0.752), with 80.84% of molecular variation occurring within and 19.16% among breeding organizations. A minor allele frequency-free (MAF-free) analysis showed that 95.61% of marker\u2013allele combinations at polymorphic loci were shared by at least two organizations. Although PCA, kinship, and neighbor-joining analyses indicated extensive overlap, discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) cluster membership was significantly associated with breeding origin (\u03c72 = 106.38, Monte Carlo p = 1 \u00d7 10\u20135; bias-corrected Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V = 0.513), demonstrating substantial but incomplete differentiation among breeding programs. Phenotypic differentiation was evaluated using environment-adjusted genotype BLUPs. All seven traits differed significantly among five DAPC clusters. In a reduced six-trait linear discriminant analysis (LDA) excluding vegetation period, LD1 was associated most strongly with number of kernels per spike, followed by heading time, spike length, and heading-to-maturity time. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) accuracy was 36.47%, exceeding the permutation mean of 19.83% but indicating considerable phenotypic overlap. The examined materials therefore constitute a diverse, interconnected breeding panel that may support germplasm management and parent selection and provide a genomic and phenotypic framework for future GWAS, genomic selection, and targeted validation of molecular markers within the represented collections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1787241919000},"page":"7466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-Wide Characterization of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in a Kazakhstani Two-Row Spring Barley Breeding Panel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5987-2952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Genievskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Chudinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, Nauchnoe village 110908, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigoriy","family":"Sereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.F. Khristenko Karaganda Agricultural Experimental Station, Tsentralnoe village 100435, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2053-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Tokhetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Zakhayev Kazakh Research Institute of Rice Growing, Kyzylorda 120008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9748-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saule","family":"Abugalieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yerlan","family":"Turuspekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, July 10). FAOSTAT. 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