{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:23:04Z","timestamp":1787732584807,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hard protein corona was engineered onto tannic acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles (SAMN@TA), a magnetic and luminescent core\u2013shell nano-carrier, using bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO), an enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of polyamines and producing the corresponding aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide. The absorption and intracellular bioactivity of the self-assembled multimodal SAMN@TA@BSAO were investigated on an intestinal barrier model built with human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells. The tailored BSAO corona possessed fouling resistance and, at the same time, was able to activate the clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) mechanism. Despite its size and intrinsic complexity, the nano-vehicle was effectively transported across the cell layer, safely transiting across the cell cytoplasm and reaching the lumen. As a function of intracellular polyamine concentration, the system\u2019s biological activity induced intracellular oxidative stress, leading to the activation of the Keap1\/Nrf2 oxidative protection pathway. The SAMN@TA@BSAO effect was well described by a dose\u2013response curve with an EC50 of around 30 \u00b5g mL\u22121 and a programmable killing efficiency (&gt;50.0%), recalling the feasibility of a low molecular weight drug administration. The present study contributes to the nascent knowledge on engineering protein corona as a key to rationally design nanomaterials for biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27167492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:37:34Z","timestamp":1787312254000},"page":"7492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amino Oxidase Hard Protein Corona with Metabolic-Triggered Intracellular Biocatalysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Tonolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4573-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Bortoluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4098-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziano","family":"Rilievo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7075-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cecconello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1830-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aura","family":"Cencini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Rutigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2586-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Rigobello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58\/b, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2370-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Di Paolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Macone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Science \u201cA. 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