{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:05:46Z","timestamp":1790208346722,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distinguishing relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) from secondary-progressive disease (SPMS) remains a clinical challenge, as no single laboratory test reliably identifies the transition. We explored whether plasma extracellular-vesicle (EV) microRNAs could separate the two phenotypes. Four candidate EV-miRNAs: miR-30a-5p, miR-223-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-146a-5p, were quantified by qRT-PCR in plasma-derived EVs from 13 healthy controls (HC), 7 RRMS, and 16 SPMS patients, normalized to miR-16-5p. EVs were characterized by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential, confirming vesicles of expected morphology, size, and negative surface charge. Two miRNAs were informative. miR-155-5p was significantly downregulated in both RRMS and SPMS versus controls but did not differentiate the phenotypes (AUC 0.52), behaving as a disease-general marker. In contrast, miR-223-5p was selectively reduced in SPMS, to approximately one-quarter of control abundance, and provided the only signal distinguishing progressive from relapsing disease (AUC 0.73; rank-biserial \u22120.46). miR-30a-5p and miR-146a-5p were uninformative. These findings, consistent with the circulating\/EV literature, suggest EV-miR-223-5p as a candidate marker of the progressive phenotype and EV-miR-155-5p as a disease indicator. Given the small cohort and near-detection-limit measurements, the study is hypothesis-generating and requires validation in larger, longitudinal cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27177530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1787572039000},"page":"7530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicle microRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Case-Control Study on Phenotypic Discrimination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Vr\u00eenceanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8374-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doina","family":"Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smaranda","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"1st Neurology Clinical, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3235-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"B\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Claudia","family":"Carstea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodica","family":"B\u0103la\u0219a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, \u201cGeorge Emil Palade\u201d University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"},{"name":"1st Neurology Clinical, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Targu Mures, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00588","article-title":"Role of soluble biomarkers in treating multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammatory conditions","volume":"22","author":"Bose","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010346","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light as a biomarker in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Kapoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13573-4","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of disease control in multiple sclerosis: A real-world cross-sectional analysis of therapeutic regimens","volume":"273","author":"Konitsioti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101009","article-title":"Fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: From current to future applications","volume":"44","author":"Gaetani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519881558","article-title":"A roadmap to precision medicine for multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Chitnis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Emerging epidemiological trends and redefining the clinical course","volume":"44","author":"Portaccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38415-z","article-title":"The association between disability progression, relapses, and treatment in early relapse onset MS: An observational, multi-centre, longitudinal cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105881","article-title":"Markers of secondary progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Bastos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012323","article-title":"Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights","volume":"97","author":"Cree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304333","article-title":"Onset of secondary progressive phase and long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Scalfari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2019-0024","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: Time for change","volume":"9","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514521517","article-title":"Diagnostic uncertainty during the transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Krieger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, S., Barcutean, L., Andone, S., Manu, D., Sarmasan, E., Bajko, Z., and Balasa, R. (2023). Recent Progress in the Identification of Early Transition Biomarkers from Relapsing-Remitting to Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054375"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000905","article-title":"A type 2 biomarker separates relapsing-remitting from secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Dickens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200420","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200420","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle-Derived MicroRNAs as a Biomarker for Therapeutic Response in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Egido","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emami Nejad, A., Mostafavi Zadeh, S.M., Nickho, H., Sadoogh Abbasian, A., Forouzan, A., Ahmadlou, M., Nedaeinia, R., Shaverdi, S., and Manian, M. (2023). The role of microRNAs involved in the disorder of blood-brain barrier in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1281567"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geraci, F., Ragonese, P., Barreca, M.M., Aliotta, E., Mazzola, M.A., Realmuto, S., Vazzoler, G., Savettieri, G., Sconzo, G., and Salemi, G. (2018). Differences in Intercellular Communication During Clinical Relapse and Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI in Patients With Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Study of the Composition of Extracellular Vesicles in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00418"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manna, I., De Benedittis, S., and Porro, D. (2024). Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Sclerosis: Their Significance in the Development and Possible Applications as Therapeutic Agents and Biomarkers. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060772"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Sclerosis: What are They Telling Us?","volume":"8","author":"Otaegui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120506","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 in neurodegeneration","volume":"578","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J., Hayder, H., Zayed, Y., and Peng, C. (2018). Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.101664","article-title":"microRNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review","volume":"182","author":"Drake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5987-2_5","article-title":"miR-155 Dysregulation and Therapeutic Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"1024","author":"McCoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516651141","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Vistbakka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"276","article-title":"Relationship between miR-155 and miR-146a polymorphisms and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in an Egyptian cohort","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciak, K., Dziedzic, A., Miller, E., and Saluk-Bijak, J. (2021). miR-155 as an Important Regulator of Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094332"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietrasik, S., Dziedzic, A., Miller, E., Starosta, M., and Saluk-Bijak, J. (2021). Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers Distinguishing Relapsing\u2013Remitting from Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111887"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H. (2021). MicroRNAs, Multiple Sclerosis, and Depression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157802"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.280307","article-title":"MicroRNAs in blood and cerebrospinal fluid as diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis and to monitor disease progression","volume":"15","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Huang, H., Shao, J., and Huang, W. (2023). MicroRNA-mediated regulation of reactive astrocytes in central nervous system diseases. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1061343"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosora, O., Maier, S., Manu, D., B\u0103rcu\u021bean, L., Roman, M., Dumitreas\u0103, M., and B\u0103la\u0219a, R. (2025). Exosomal microRNAs as Early Transition Biomarkers from Recurrent-Remissive to Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083889"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14301-3","article-title":"Exosomal microRNA signatures in multiple sclerosis reflect disease status","volume":"7","author":"Ebrahimkhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Yuan, Y., Cho, J.H., McClarty, S., Baxter, D., and Galas, D.J. (2012). Comparing the MicroRNA spectrum between serum and plasma. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041561"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714397115","article-title":"Human plasma and serum extracellular small RNA reference profiles and their clinical utility","volume":"115","author":"Max","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03862-2","article-title":"Exosome Content-Mediated Signaling Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Mohammadinasr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp300","article-title":"MicroRNA profiling of multiple sclerosis lesions identifies modulators of the regulatory protein CD47","volume":"132","author":"Junker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14034375","article-title":"Expression and Genetic Analysis of MicroRNAs Involved in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Ridolfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"371","article-title":"Upregulation of CD4+T-Cell Derived MiR-223 in The Relapsing Phase of Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"18","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1621-6","article-title":"Mir-223 regulates the number and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"133","author":"Cantoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513485654","article-title":"Decreased circulating miRNA levels in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Fenoglio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120395","article-title":"Temporal variability of serum miR-191, miR-223, miR-128, and miR-24 in multiple sclerosis: A 4-year follow-up study","volume":"442","author":"Vistbakka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-248880","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 negatively affects blood-brain barrier function during neuroinflammation","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23967","article-title":"miR-155 as a multiple sclerosis-relevant regulator of myeloid cell polarization","volume":"74","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12128695","article-title":"Genetic association and altered gene expression of mir-155 in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"12","author":"Paraboschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.09.019","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 modulates Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and is associated with multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"266","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003952","article-title":"Silencing microRNA-155 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"187","author":"Murugaiyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devier, D.J., Lovera, J.F., and Lukiw, W.J. (2015). Increase in NF-\u03baB-sensitive miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 in multiple sclerosis (MS) and pro-inflammatory neurodegeneration. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2015.00005"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103126","article-title":"Potential prognostic value of circulating inflamma-miR-146a-5p and miR-125a-5p in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Giuliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1590-5","article-title":"Analysis of miRNA signatures in CSF identifies upregulation of miR-21 and miR-146a\/b in patients with multiple sclerosis and active lesions","volume":"16","author":"Reverter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201701533R","article-title":"Exosome-associated miRNA profile as a prognostic tool for therapy response monitoring in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"32","author":"Manna","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.04.071","article-title":"Investigation of the miRNA146a and miRNA155 gene expression levels in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Shademan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groen, K., Maltby, V.E., Lea, R.A., Sanders, K.A., Fink, J.L., Scott, R.J., Tajouri, L., and Lechner-Scott, J. (2018). Erythrocyte microRNA sequencing reveals differential expression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. BMC Med. Genom., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-018-0365-7"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirschner, M.B., Kao, S.C., Edelman, J.J., Armstrong, N.J., Vallely, M.P., van Zandwijk, N., and Reid, G. (2011). Haemolysis during sample preparation alters microRNA content of plasma. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024145"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donati, S., Ciuffi, S., and Brandi, M.L. (2019). Human Circulating miRNAs Real-time qRT-PCR-based Analysis: An Overview of Endogenous Reference Genes Used for Data Normalization. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184353"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2026, August 19). ExoQuick\u00ae ULTRA EV Isolation System. Available online: https:\/\/www.systembio.com\/products\/exosome-research\/exosome-isolation\/exoquick-ultra\/serum-and-plasma-0\/the-purest-and-highest-yielding-ev-isolation-system."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2026, August 19). Available online: https:\/\/documents.thermofisher.com\/TFS-Assets\/LSG\/manuals\/cms_055423.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2026, August 19). Available online: https:\/\/documents.thermofisher.com\/TFS-Assets\/LSG\/manuals\/4364031_TaqSmallRNA_UG.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Python Software Foundation (2025). Python Language Reference, version 3.14, Python Software Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.python.org."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/17\/7530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:53:20Z","timestamp":1787572400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/27\/17\/7530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms27177530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27177530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]}}}